Ethics and Violence

• What is the Olympic Oath


  Written by Baron de Coubertin to be said at every opening ceremony of the Olympics: 'true spirit of sportsmanship'
• Define Sportsmanship


  Playing by the written rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport. Treating others fairly. E.g. shaking hands at the end of a football match, kicking the ball out of play when the opposition are injured or owning up to a foul.
• What is simulation


  Trying to decieve an official by over-acting e.g. diving
• How can sportsmanship be encouraged

  NGB campaigns e.g. FIFA fair play award. Technology to punish deviancy and citing. Banning head tackles, punish e.g. sin-bin, fines and bans, use positive role models to promote sportsmanship and use rigorous drugs testing
• Define Gamesmanship


  Bending the rules and stretching them to the limit without getting caught, using whatever methods possible
• What are some examples of Gamesmanship


  Delaying a restart, time wasting, 'sledging', psyching out opponents, taking an injury time-out and deception of officials
• What is a Win ethic


  'Win at all costs attitude'. Winning is all that matters and rewards are high that cheating may occur
• How is the 'Win ethic' shown in modern day sports

  No draws, managers are fired if unsuccessful, deviancy, media praise winners and media negativity for losers
• What is positive deviance


  Behaviour that is outside the norms of society but with no intent to harm or break the rules. Over-adherence to the norms or expectations of society. E.g. competing with an injury
• What is negative deviancy


  Behaviour that goes against the norms and has a detrimental effect on individuals and society in general. E.g. doping
• What causes violence in sport

  Win ethic, rewards for success, Importance of the game, nature of the sport, NGB's too lenient with punishments, excitement/ over-arousal and refereeing
• What are the stratergies used to reduce violence

  Video technology to arrive at the correct decision, NGB's to enforce strict punishments, fines, bans, promote performers with good disciplinary records and introduce 'fair play' awards