POS - Circulatory disturbances 1

• What is oedema 


  Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the interstitial fluid (outside vessels)
• What is effusion 


  Abnormal accumulation of fluid within body cavities
• What is hyperemia 


  Active process with arterial dilation

  increases blood flow
• What is congestion 


  passive process with low outflow of blood from tissues
• What is shock 


  insufficient blood flow to tissues of the body as a result of a problem with the circulatory system
• What is cardiogenic shock

  ineffective pumping due to heart damage
• What is obstructive shock

  Blood flow obstruction to/ from the heart
• What is hypovolaemic shock

  decreased circulating blood volume
• What is blood maldistribution shock

  decreased effective circulating blood volume
• What is the non progressive/ compensatory phase of shock

  initial phase

  Reflex compensatory mechanisms activated to maintain perfusion of vital organs
• What is the progressive phase of shock 


  Phase with widespread tissue hypoxia and failure of compensatory mechanisms
• What is the irreversible phase of shock

  severe cellular tissue damage phase of shock
• What is the irreversible phase of shock

  severe cellular tissue damage phase of shock
• What are the 3 phases of shock

  Non-progressive

  Progressive

  Irreversible
• What are barrow receptors

  receptors that detect low blood pressure and trigger compensatory mechanisms
• What is epinephrine/norepinephrine 


  Hormone released to increase cardiac output and arteriolar vasoconstriction in response to a low blood pressure
• What is anaerobic glycolysis

  metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen leading to production of lactic acid
• What is metabolic acidosis

  condition characterised by low tissue PH due to excessive production of lactic acid
• What does DIC stand for

  Disseminated intravascular coagulation
• What is Disseminated intravascular coagulation


  Condition characterised by widespread activation of clotting and bleeding
• What are petechiae 


  small red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding into the skin
• What does ecchymotic mean 


  larger areas of bleeding under the skin resulting in bruising
• What is microthrombosis 


  Formation of small blood clots in the vasculature
• What percentage of the body is water

  60%
• What proportional of the bodies water is interstitial and how much is extracellular

  2/3 interstitial

  1/3 extracellular
• What two kinds of pressure keep the hemostasis of the fluid levels

  Hydrostatic

  Osmotic
• How does fluid that escapes the plasma transported to be recycled by the body

  lymph system

  moves to the thoracic duct and left subclavian vein

  
• What is the difference between oedema and effusion

  Oedema is within interstitial tissue

  Effusion is within body cavities
• Grossly what colour does fluid build up have and what is the texture

  Slightly yellow

  Gelantinous
• Oedema

  
• In a histological slide what would the difference between healthy tissue and tissue with oedema - in the lung

  Healthy - would look for clear gaps where the alveoli are

  Oedema - would appear pink due to the fluid build up
• Normal lung vs lung with oedema

  
• Microscopically what does the fluid contain / look like that builds up

  Pale

  Eosinophilic

  Homogenous fluid

  Can be clear if there is a low protein count
• What is ascites 


  Abdominal excess fluid
• Clinical significance: What are some locations of fluid build up that have low significance

  Subcutaneous oedema

  Ascites

  As long as it is low accumulation - the only small issue will be there will be some extra pressure on neighbouring organs but not too much of a problem
• Clinical significance: What are some areas of high significance for fluid build up 


  Confined spaces e.g. the brain, hydrothorax or hydropericardium
• What are some examples of abnormal accumulation of fluid: locations

  Ascites - abdominal / peritoneal effusion

  Pleural effusion

  Pericardial effusion

  Subcutaneous oedema

  Anasarca = whole body fluid accumulation
• What is anasarca 


  Whole body fluid accumulation

  includes effusions and diffuse subcutaneous oedema
• What does anasarca cause in puppies

  Walrus puppies

  
• What are the two different types of oedema

  Non inflammatory

  Inflammatory