mtlb

    Cards (173)

    • PHILIPPINE DANGEROUS DRUGS LAW
    • Drugs of Abuse
      • Act directly on dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic neurotransmitter systems, especially the limbic system
      • Positive drug screening test cannot differentiate casual user from chronic or habitual user, likewise detect the time frame of using the drug or dose of the drug taken
    • Designer Drugs
      Modified forms of established drugs of abuse
    • Cocaine (Crack)

      • Derived from the coca plant(Erythroxylon) and has enjoyed much popularity as an additive to certain foods
      • Derivative of the alkaloid ecgonine(methyl ester of benzoylecgonine)
      • Route of administration: nasal (snorting), directly (insufflation of IV)
      • Used medically to induce local anesthesia during nasopharyngeal surgery
      • Induces a euphoric state ("high" experienced by the user) and may also induce hallucinatory states- large doses
      • Treatment for cocaine addiction: Benzodiazepine
      • Toxic effects: hypertension, arrhythmias, seizures and myocardial infarction
    • Opiates
      • Heroin
      • Morphine
      • Codeine
      • Fentanyl
    • Opiates
      • Capable of analgesic, sedation and anesthesia
      • Derived chemically from opium poppy
      • Naturally occurring opiates: opium, morphine, codeine
      • Chemically modified opiates: heroin, hydromorphone and oxycodone (Percodan)
      • Common synthetic opiates: Meperidine (Demerole), methadone (Dolophine), propoxyphene(Darvon), pentazocine (Talwin and fentanyl (Sublimaze)
      • Commonly tested opiates: morphine and codeine
      • Major cause of drug-related death: darvon overdose combined with alcohol
    • Morphine
      Metabolite of heroin
    • Codeine
      Used as a mild analgesic and as an antitussive
    • Heroin
      • Induces a pleasant, euphoric state and is highly addictive both physically and psychologically
      • Cause constriction of pupils (pin-point pupils) and peripheral vasodilation
    • Fentanyl
      • 80 times more potent than morphine in blocking pain
      • Taken orally as so-called fentanyl lollipops or patches, smoked, inhaled, or administered by transdermal fentanyl patches
    • Amphetamines
      • Treatment of narcolepsy and attentional deficit disorder
      • Resembles epinephrine and norepinephrine, dopamine
      • Cause the release (together with cocaine) of dopamine from the brain leading to a "pleasant feeling"( so called "high") among users
    • 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy)

      • A derivative of methamphetamine
      • Recreational drug of abuse because (designer drugs)
    • Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
      Ice, meth, crystal, basura and tawas
    • Tryptamines
      • Derivatives of serotonin; some of which occur in plants
      • Example: N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) - strong hallucinogenic properties
      • Smoking DMT results in the rapid onset of hallucinogenic effects that are short-lived-businessman's lunch
      • Psilocin is a component of the so-called Psilocybe, called magic mushrooms
    • Piperazines- Used as antihelminthics during the 1950s but were subsequently discontinued

      • N-benzylpiperazines
      • Phenylpiperazines
    • N-benzylpiperazines

      Parent compound is N-benzylpiperazine (BZP; known as A2)
    • Phenylpiperazines
      Includes 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine, and 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP; known as Molly)
    • Phencyclidine (Angel dust or Angel hair)

      Illicit drug with stimulant, depressant, anesthetic, and hallucinogenic properties
    • Sedatives-Hypnotics
      • Barbiturates
      • Benzodiazepines
    • Barbiturates
      Secobarbital, pentobarbital, and phenobarbital = more commonly abused
    • Benzodiazepines
      • Diazepam (Valium), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), and lorazepam (Ativan) = commonly abused
      • The most prominent is Valium; used therapeutically, as so-called minor tranquilizers
    • Propoxyphene (Darvon)

      Analgesic drug very similar to those of the opiates, like morphine
    • Cannabinoids
      • Marijuana
      • Hashish
    • Marijuana
      Mixture of cut, dried, and ground portions of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa - weed, jutes, pot, grass, damo, chongke
    • Hashish
      More potent product produced by extraction of the resin from the plant
    • δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ-9-THC)

      • Principal psychoactive agent in marijuana
      • Stored in body fat and has a half-life of approximately 1 week
    • 11-nor-∆-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH)
      • Major urinary metabolite
      • Detected in urine for 3–5 days after a single use or for up to 4 weeks in a chronic, heavy consumer after abstinence
    • Physiologic effects of cannabinoids
      Reddening of the conjunctivae and increased pulse rate
    • Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (Lysergide)

      Panic reactions—a bad trip —are the most common adverse reactions
    • Anabolic Steroids
      A group of compounds related chemically to the male sex hormone testosterone
    • Urine temperature is a vital factor to assure that that it is freshly voided (abuse drugs)
    • Urine specimen for drug analysis
      • Volume: 30-45 ml
      • Temperature: 32.5°C-37.7°C taken within 4 minutes
      • Color: inspected to identify any signs of contaminats(i.e., Bluing Dye)
    • Sample requirement for identifying and measuring abuse drugs
      • Urine
      • Serum
      • Hair
      • Nails
      • Whole blood or plasma(alcohol)
      • Sweat
      • Saliva
      • Exhaled breath (alcohol intoxication)
    • Basic techniques for identification of drugs
      • Immunohemical
      • Chromatography
    • Enzymatic test
      • Alcohol is measured from blood using alcohol dehydrogenase as reagent
      • It quantitates the sum of all alcohols present in sample
      • It does not distinguish alcohol from its metabolites during quantitation
    • Capillary electrophoresis
      • Different analyte selectivity is based on different physiochemical principles of separation without change in instrumental hardware, a distinct advantage of this technique
      • Recent variant of TLC that includes the advantage of HPLC
    • Homogenous assay
      Done in a solution without separation
    • Enzyme Mediated Immunologic Technique (EMIT)

      • Uses enzyme-labelled drug that competes with the drug in the sample
      • In this reaction, the active site of the enzyme is blocked with the antidrug antibody, resulting to decrease enzymatic activity
      • The free drug (analyte in the serum or urine) competes with the antibody-drug-enzyme complex
      • Liberated drug–enzyme results in increased enzymatic activity
      • Increasing concentrations of drug in serum result in increased observed enzymatic activity
    • Chromatographic Method
      • Thin Layer Chromatography
      • Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy(LC-MS)
      • High Performance Liquid Chromatography
      • Gas Chromatography
    • Thin Layer Chromatography
      • This method uses serum, urine or gastric fluid for analysis
      • Extraction of drugs is pH dependent- acidic drugs at pH 4.5 (barbiturates) and alkaline drugs (opiate, amphetamines) at pH 9.0
    See similar decks