Early childhood

• Preschool children


  • Can do-and want to do-more and more
  • Learning that some of the things they want to do meet social approval, whereas others do not
• Initiative versus Guilt


  Crisis Virtue of the Play Age (3-5 yrs)
• Purpose


  The courage to envision and pursue goals without being unduly inhibited by guilt or fear of punishment
• Maladaptive Tendency


  Ruthlessness - don't care who they step in just to achieve their goals
• Malignant Tendency


  Inhibition - too much guilt to do anything so nothing would happen
• Theory of Sexual Selection


  The selection of sexual partners is a response to differing reproductive pressures early men and women confronted in the study for survival
• Identification


  Adoption of characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex
• According to Kohlberg, Children actively search for cues about gender in their social world
• Gender Constancy


  A child's realization that his or her gender will always be the same
• Gender Identity


  Awareness of one's own gender and that of others, which typically occurs ages 2 and 3
• Gender Stability


  Awareness that gender does not change
• Gender Consistency


  The realization that a girl remains a girl even if she has a short haircut and plays with trucks, typically occurs between ages 3 and 7
• Gender-Schema Theory


  • Views children as actively extracting knowledge about gender from their environment before engaging in gender-typed behavior
  • Places more emphasis on the influence of culture
  • Children match their behavior to their culture's view of what boys and girls are supposed to be and do
• According to Walter Mischel


  Children acquire gender roles by imitating models and being rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior
• Other issues


  • Sleeping problems
  • Bedwetting
  • Malnutrition/obesity
  • Food allergies
  • Oral health
  • Accidents
• Other cognitive issues


  • Centration
  • Egocentrism
  • Conservation
  • Usage of media
  • Parenting styles
  • Relationships with other family members
  • Aggression
  • Prosocial behavior
  • Fearfulness