B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids

• What is carbon?

  • carbon compounds are the building blocks of life
  • essential to an organism's life
• How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

  4
• What do carbons 4 covalent bonds allow?

  It allows for stability
• What are covalent bonds?

  Bonds in which electrons are shared between neighboring atoms.
• What are carbon-carbon bonds?

  They characterized as strong and stable, therefore, long-chained carbon compounds provide the basic framework.
• What are fatty acids?

  • consists of many carbon atoms covalently linked together, which provides stability to the molecule.
  • can be in chains but also branched structures.
• What is glucose?

  • it is a monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates
  • main source of energy in the human body
  • is carried to the cell through the bloodstream
• What is glycogen?

  • it is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose in animal cells
  • composed of thousands of glucose molecules
  • polymer of many glucose molecules joined
• What are macromolecules?

  are large molecules that are made up of smaller building blocks called monomers
• What are monomers?

  Are individual subunits that can be linked together to form longer chains, called polymers
• What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

  1. Carbohydrate
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
• How do macromolecules form using the condensation reaction?

  • in order to form specific monomer, must join using the condensation reaction
• What is the condensation reaction?

  Is a polymerization reaction in which 2 molecules join, one molecule is lost in the hydroxyl group (-OH), and the other loses a hydrogen atom (-H), forming a water molecule, forming a new covalent bond.
• How do we form maltose ?

  maltose = glucose + glucose

  with the condensation reaction
• What is the hydrolysis reaction?

  • is a reverse reaction for condensation polymerization reaction.
  • it is a chemical reaction in which water molecules are used to break the covalent bond between the monomer that makes up a polymer, such as the glycosidic bonds that join together glucose
• Why do we need the hydrolysis reaction?

  • to stay alive, our bodies need a constant supply of nutrients in the form of carbohydrates, fats, and other macromolecules
  • however, macromolecules are too large to be absorbed and used in the cell, meaning they need to be broken down
• What are carbohydrates?

  macromolecules that are essential to life
• What are monosaccharides?

  • are fundamental biological molecules that serve as a source of energy for cells and are involved in various cellular processes.
• What are the different types of monosaccharides?

  1. glucose
  2. galactose
  3. fructose
• What are the different types of monosaccharides?

  G - glucose

  G - galactose

  F - fructose
• Glucose

  • most common monosaccharide
  • hexose, has six carbon atoms
  • important source of energy for organisms
• What is this

  it is a monosaccharide

  A) glucose

  
• Galactose

  • commonly found in dairy products
  • hexose, has 6 carbon atoms
• What is this?

  This is a monosaccharide

  A) galactose

  
• Fructose

  • type of sugar naturally found in fruits
  • Hextose, has 6 carbon atoms
• What is this?

  it is a monosaccharide

  A) Fructose

  
• What are the properties of glucose?

  1. Glucose has two isomers
  2. Glucose is a soluble molecule
  3. Glucose is a stable molecule
  4. Glucose can be oxidized
• 1. Glucose has two isomers - What are they?
  2. Alpha glucose
  3. Beta glucose
• Identify what type of glucose this is?

  Alpha or beta glucose?

  A) alpha glucose

  
• How do alpha glucose and beta glucose differ when it comes to structure?


  Alpha glucose --> hydroxyl group located below the H

  Beta glucose --> hydroxyl group located above the H
• how do polysaccharides form?


  when more than two glucose molecules join together
• what does alpha glucose form 


  1. glycogen
  2. starch
• what does beta glucose form 


  cellulose
• 2. Glucose is a soluble molecule

  • what does soluble mean?

  Due to glucose polarity (it is polar) meaning its molecular structure contains several -OH groups, these groups are polar functional.
• 2. Glucose is soluble

  • the o2 oxygen atom present in the glucose ring has a partial negative charge, therefore, the carbon-hydorgen (C-H) groups linked to it have a partial positive charge
  • the separation of charge within a molecule of glucose contribute to its polarity
• 2. glucose is soluble

  • in h2o water, glucose is in equilibrium with the open-chain form, where the C1 atom can rotate and the alpha and beta are randomly assigned.
  • meaning its label as a simple glucose with the labels alpha and beta
  • it can dissolve in water meaning it can be transported in the bloods plasma
• 3. glucose is a stable molecule

  • it is a cyclic molecule with the -OH group situated in the axial regions of the molecule => makes it chemically stable
• 3. glucose is a stable molecule 


  1. vital for the structure of the polysaccharide cellulose in plants
  2. crucial for starch and glycogen, which stores glucose in plants and animal cells.