SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

• Claudius Ptolemy


  An ancient Greek philosopher who viewed the earth as the center of the universe known as the Geocentric Theory of the universe. Also known as the "Ptolemaic System"
• Geocentric Theory


  Referred to the idea that the Earth was the center of the universe
• Ptolemaic universe


  It is often referred to as a two-sphere universe: The inner sphere of the Earth lies at the center and the outer sphere encompassing the entire universe rotates around the Earth. It was a complex interaction of circles
• Aristotle


  He views a motionless earth at the center of the universe, and this world was made up of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water
• Nicolaus Copernicus


  A Polish mathematician and astronomer, who challenged the Ptolemaic model. He proposed the Heliocentric system
• Heliocentric system


  The sun is the center of the universe which is contradictoryto the Geocentric theory of Ptolemy.
• Johannes Kepler


  He supported Nicolas Copernicus's model of Heliocentric. He introduced Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
• Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion


  Are scientific laws describing orbital motion (created to describe the motion of planets around the Sun)which provided evidence for the Heliocentric model.
• Johannes Kepler used the astronomical observation and records of Tycho Brahe, A danish astronomer, which led him to the conclusion that Mars's orbit was elliptical, not circular
• The law of Elipses


  The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus.
• The Law of Equal Areas


  An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
• The Law of Harmonies


  The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun.
• Kepler's 3 Laws of Planetary Motion

  • The Law of Ellipses
  • The Law of Equal Areas
  • The Law of Harmonies
• Galileo Galilei 


  The “father of modern observational astronomy”aka the “father of modern physics” aka the “father of science” aka the “Father of Modern Science”.
• Galileo Galilei

  He published the book The Starry Messenger which contained his major discoveries in astronomy with the use of a telescope
• Galileo was able to design the first telescope with a lens which enabled him to see the movement of stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets).
• Charles Darwin


  a renowned English biologist, naturalist, and geologist. One of his most famous work which brought a major controversy during the scientific revolution is the theory of evolution
• Theory of Evolution


  posited that populations pass through a series of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. He stated that organism have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known as evolution.
• Darwin's Finches


  The Galapagos finches contributed to the developmentof Darwin's theory of natural selection. The favorableadaptations of Darwin's Finches' beaks were selected forover generations until they all branched out to make newspecies.
• The Descent of Man


  He introduced the notion that all organic life, including people, falls under the purview of evolution. His works opposed the views of the religious or biblical designs which states that humans are created by a God.
• Sigmund Freud


  an Austrian neurologist and also known as thefounder of Psychoanalysis.
• Psychoanalysis


  a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior and emotion.
• Conscious Mind


  Focus on our present state of mind
• Preconscious Mind


  Mind that can be retrieved from memory, not repressed
• Unconscious Mind


  Consists of primitive impulses, wishes or desires facilitated by the preconscious mind, such as frightening or painful events a person cannot acknowledge
• Id


  Comprises two kinds of biological instincts (or drives) which Freud called Eros and Thanatos
• Pleasure principle


  The id operates at an unconscious level according to the principle of gratification from satisfying basic instincts
• Ego


  Desires an acceptable way to satisfy the demands of id since it controls the conscious and unconscious mind
• Superego


  Drives us to follow rules based on the principle of morality that caused us to be socially responsible and behave in an acceptable manner
• Allan Turing


  also known as the Father of Modern ComputerScience is a British mathematician and philosopher who made significant contributions to mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, philosophy, and mathematical biology, as well as to the emerging fields known as computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life
• Turing Machine


  An abstract computing model. It doescalculations by reading from and writing to an endless tape. This machines served as mathematical model laid foundation to the development of the modern computers that we use in the present
• Turing Test


  the focal point of discussions on artificial intelligence today.
• Enigma Code


  It was employed in German naval communications and was widely believed to be impenetrable
• Olmecs


  Considered as the mother culture of Mesoamerica
• Mayans


  One of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica
• Mayan writing system

  One of the world's first systems of writing known as "Mayan Hieroglyphics"
• Incas


  Constructed roads paved with stones
• Inca

  • Constructed the first suspension bridge
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  Used a system of knotted ropes known as "quipu" that can only be interpreted by experts
• Aztecs


  Believed diseases were a punishment from gods, but still used herbs and medicine for treatment