BB

• Blood Banking


  Includes activities, procedures, and tests done to ensure blood for transfusion is properly collected, preserved, stored, and dispensed for later use in blood transfusion
• Transfusion Medicine


  A branch of medicine that is concerned with transfusion of blood components, including proper selection and utilization of the aforementioned in the treatment or prevention of disease
• Food & Drug Administration (FDA)


  The governing body that inspects blood banks every year (annually) because blood is considered both as a biologic product and as a drug
• Pope Innocent VII is the first recorded blood transfusion performed in 1492 and died of severe massive intravascular coagulopathy
• Physician


  Giacomo di San Genesio
• Discovery of the circulatory system

  1616- William Harvey
• Animal to Animal transfusion (Dog to Dog)


  1665- Richard Lower
• Animal to Human transfusion (Sheep to Human)


  1667- Jean Baptiste/ Denis or Denys
• First successful human blood transfusion performed on a woman suffering from postpartum hemorrhage


  Performed: 1818 and Recorded: 1829 - James Blundell
• First to work on blood transfusion and blood preservation techniques


  1941- Charles Drew
• Director of first American Red Cross blood bank at Presbyterian Hospital- Charles Drew
• Sodium Phosphate (Na3PO4) as anticoagulant

  1869- Braxton Hicks
• Determined minimum non-toxic amount of Citrate needed to prevent coagulation


  1915- Richard Lewisohn
• Citrate-Dextrose (CD) as anticoagulant


  1916- Rous and Turner
• Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD) as anticoagulant


  1943- Loutit and Mollison
• Utilized glycerol to extend RBC lifespan by 10 years


  1950- Audrey Smith
• Citrate Phosphate Dextrose (CPD) as standard preservative at present

  1957- Gibson
• First Vein-Vein Transfusion using special cannulas and syringes by Edward Lindemann
• Syringe valve apparatus by Lester Unger (1913 or 1915)
• ABO blood groups discovered

  1901- Karl Landsteiner
• Karl Landsteiner wrote "The specificity of serologic reactions"
• Defined the fourth ABO blood group: AB


  1902- Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli
• MN and P systems discovered

  1927- Karl Landsteiner and Philip Levine
• Rh blood group discovered

  1940- Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener
• 1st blood bank (Chicago)


  1937- Cook County Hospital
• 1st community based blood center (San Francisco)


  1941- Irvin Memorial Blood Bank
• The ABO blood group system is the most important of all blood groups
• ABO blood group system


  Discovered by Karl Landsteiner
• The ONLY blood group system in which individuals have antibodies in their serum to antigens that are absent from their RBCs (naturally occurring antibodies)
• ABO blood groups


  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
• Transfusion of the wrong ABO group remains the leading cause of death in hemolytic transfusion reaction fatalities (FDA)
• ABO incompatibility can cause the most severe HTR
• In 2009, according to the FDA, TRALI was the most common cause of death
• ABO genes


  Code for specific glycosyl transferases that add sugars to a basic (PS) precursor substance (paragloboside/glycan)
• O gene


  Amorphic; It does NOT code for any enzymes and is merely a representation of the absence of A and B genes/antigens
• A gene


  Higher concentrations of transferases than B gene. Has 810,000 to 1,170,000 Ag sites on an A1 adult RBC
• B gene


  Has 610,000 to 830,000 Ag sites
• A&B genes


  B enzyme compete more efficiently for the H substance than the A enzyme; A-600,000 sites & B - 720,000 sites
• Bernstein (1924) – described the theory for the inheritance of the ABO groups
• Codominance expression


  An individual inherits one ABO type B gene from each parent and that these two genes determine which ABO antigens are present on the RBC membrane (follows simple Mendelian genetics)