harm

• why harm and not crime

  ‘Crime’ excludes many serious harms. Many events and incidents which cause serious harm are not part of the criminal law
• another word for harm

  Zemiology
• Hillyard and Tombs: '"At best, it could be objected that harm is no more definable than crime…"'
• Copson (2018: 16): ''"harm" may be considered from a sociological perspective to be a discursively constructed and applied label, embedded in particular normative assumptions, and articulated and utilised in varying ways with varying implications.''
• harm and responsibility

  • Focus on how social harms are caused may deviate from this – systemic issues, as well as indifference, negligence
  • Individualising discourses of criminal justice logic – drive to apportion blame for harms (Copson 2016)
• harm frameworks

  • resisting Punitiveness
  • addressing social and collective harm
• resisting punitiveness

  • emphasizing treatment, community engagement, and systemic change, society can reduce reliance on punitive measures
  • similar to restorative justice
• Addressing social, collective harm: “the marginalized can articulate their lived experience of harm without persistent reference to the notion of “crime”’ (Copson 2016: 90)