urban sprawl : is the rapid spread of urban developments e.g houses on undeveloped rural land around the city e.g north county Dublin the negative effect associated with urban sprawl is that land use for agriculture is used for housing developments .this is evident in mostly north county Dublin area like rush + lusk .where valuable farmland was rezoned for housing .this will lead to a reduction in food production in lreland .this isn’t great as people would be buying food with high levels air miles