lmrg

• urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas
• rural urban migration is the movement of people from countryside to cities
• • push factors encourage a person to leave a region; natural disasters , mechanised agricultural equipment=fewer jobs , desertification
  • pull factors bring people to a region; more jobs, better healthcare and education , family might have moved to urban areas , better quality of life
• Lagos Case Study


  importance of Nigeria

  • regionally -large migrate population =cultural diversity
• Lagos Case Study


  importance of lagos

  • nationally; it is home to 80% of Nigeria's industry
  • internationally; Lagos is the main financial center of West Africa
• Nigeria Case Study


  • it is the most populated country on the continent
  • it has the largest economy in Africa ($525 billion)
  • it is the 12th largest oil-producer in the world
  • Shell employs 65000 people
  • oil accounts for 98% of export earnings
• Nigeria Case Study


  • shell has spilt 9 million barrels of oil
  • shell pays $20 billion in tax each year
  • nollywood is the 2nd largest film indusrty in the world
  • 90% of employees are from nigeria
• Southampton case study


  • population in 1950 vs 2020=180000 vs 250000
  • 20000 people in Southampton are polish
  • urban change has brought improved recreation , entertainment , and employment
• Southampton case study


  • every year 2 million passengers move through Southampton cruise terminal
  • there are 40000 students in the 2 universities in Soton
  • out of town developments have been builton rural-urbann fringe where land is cheaper e.g hedge end
  • 15000 people work at Southampton docks
  • Deprived parts have poorer quality homes , lower income , lower educatuin aattainment
• regeneration of brownfield case study - centenary quay woolston


  • since 2004 there has been a large abandoned ship in river itchen in woolston
  • in 2010 an investment of £500 million was put into the centenary quay and 1500 homes were built
  • 25% of homes are now affordable as they can be bought through shared ownership
  • the development has created 300 permanent jobs and 1000 jobs in construction
  • recreational and entertainment facilities e.g new library and resturants
  • as homes have been increased rents have also increased
  • new homes are too expensive for local people
• sustainable living means living in a way that lets people meet their needs now without reducing the ability of people to meet their needs in the future
• water conservation scheme


  • only as much water should be taken from the environment as can be naturally increased
  • collect rainwater for use in gardens installing toilets that flush less water
  • installing water meters so that people have to pay
  • encouraging people to use less water
• Curitibas water consumption is about half of the other latin american cities
• Energy conservation schemes


  • promoting renewable eergy over fossil fuel powered stations
  • encouraging people to make their homes energy efficient
  • encouraging people to use public transport
• in 2009 , Curitiba renovated its green line transport system and now they emits 65% less co2 than other latin american cities
• green spaces


  • they provide naturally cool areas where people can relax in hot weather
  • they encourage people to exercise more and use alternative transport
  • they make people feel happier by providing a break from the noise and the bustle of the city
  • they reduce air pollution
  • they reduce risk of flooding by reducing surface runoff
• Curitiba is one of the 8 cities in the world that collects 100% of its waste

  it has a green exchange programe where residents recieve 1kg of food or bus tickets for every 4 kg of recyclable waste collected
• Traffic

  • environmental problems - air pollution and the release of greenhouse gases would lead to climate change
  • economic problems - congestion would make people late for work and delay deliveries which would lead to companies losing money
  • social problems -higher chance of accidents , congestion causes frustration, health issues and can delay emergency vehicles
• how London has tackled traffic

  • Docklands Light Railway is an automatic train system that connects east London to the city center it is used by around 120 million people each year
  • londons underground system takes 3 million people off the roads every year
  • self-serve bicycles are cheaper than other forms of public transport
  • oyster cards allow people to travel on most of Londons public transport networks without buying separate tickets
• how to manage traffic

  • bus priority lanes prevent buses from being held up in traffic making them more attractive than driving
  • ring roads and pedestrian shopping streets keep traffic away from city center making it safer and less polluted
  • parking restrictions make sure parked cars do not block traffic flow on narrow roads
• • Curitiba's bus rapid transit system uses a series of dedicated bus lanes to ensure bus journeys are quick -over 700k passangers use it everyday
• rio case study 


  • population in 1950 vs 2020 = 3 million vs 13 million
  • rochina is the largest favela in Rio
  • Rio has the highestGNIi per capita inBrazill
  • life expectancy is 77 years which is 4 years greater than Brazil
  • number of hospitals =5
  • number of secondary schools =400
  • number of universities = 6
• RIO CASE study


  • half of the children continue education beyond 14 years
  • 20% of the population is unemployed
  • 5000 people dead because of air pollution yearly
  • 12% dont have access to running water
  • population is growing faster than development
  • 65 % of rios population is from migration
• problem of the urban growth in rio

  • lack of clean water sanitation and energy
  • lack of access to public services
  • unemployment and crime
• the solution to the problems of urban growth in Rio

  • 5km of new sewage pipes
  • adult education services
  • medical kits taken into homes
  • police pacification unit reclaims favelas from drug dealers
• favela Bairo project


  • it improved 73 favelas
  • it ran from 1995 to 2008
  • it involved 250000 people
  • streets were widened
  • people get legal ownership of their homes and official addresses which will lead to more jobs in formal sectors
  • loans would be given to people to improve homes
• how does Rios physical geography affect the development of infrastructure

  • the growth of rio is constrained to the south and east as it is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean
  • steep granite mountains mean it's very difficult to build roads and other infrastructure , so roads are very congested
  • many roads are one way in rush hour
• global development gap


  this is the difference in development between more and less developed countries
• measures of development

  • GNI
  • GNI per head
  • birth rate
  • death rate
  • infant mortality rate
  • people per doctor
  • literacy rate
  • access to safe water
  • life expectancy
• demographic transition model shows how birth rates and death rates affect population growth
• physical factors that affect how developed a country is

  • poor climate; some countries are hot cold or dry so not much will grow so much food cant be produced leading to malnutrition e.g Chad or Ethiopia
  • few raw materials; countries without many raw materials have fewer products to export
  • poor farming lands; if the country is steep or has poor soil then it will be difficult to grow crops graze animals and produce food leading to malnutrition
  • lots of natural disasters; countries with loads of natural disasters have to spend a lot of money on rebuilding so reduces the quality of life
• Economic factors that can cause uneven development

  • poor trade links; trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries world trade patterns influence a country's economy and so its development if a country has poor trade links it won't make a lot of money
• economic factors that cause uneven development

  • lots of debt; very poor countries borrow money from other countries and international organizations but this money has to be paid back sometimes with interest leaving no space for development
• economic factors that cause uneven development

  an economy based on primary products; countries that export primary products tend to be less developed than countries that export manufactured goods , the price of primary products also fluctuate
• Historical causes of uneven development

  • Colonialisation; countries that were colonised are often at lower developement levels when they gain independence,it prevents colonized countries from developing their industries as colonizers removed raw materials so profits went to them instead
• historical causes of uneven development

  • war, can slow down development as money is spent on arms and training soldiers instead of development , people are killed and damage is done to infrastructure
• consequences of uneven development

  • wealth; people in developed countries have less income than people in less developed countries e.g GNI per head in UK is 40 times greater than in chad-so it leads to big inequalities in wealth within countries and this can impact standard of living
• consequences of uneven development

  • Health; healthcare in more developed countries is usually better than in less developed countries , people in HICs live longer -UK's life expectancy is 81 years but is only 53 in Chad
  • International migration; many people from LICs and Nees move to HICs to escape conflict or to improve their quality of life migrant workers contribute to the economies of HICs they move to instead of the countries they leave further increasing the development gap
• Strategies to reduce the development gap

  • investment; Foreign direct investment is when people or companies in one country buy property or invest in infrastructure in another and this leads to better access to finance technology and expertise
• Strategies to reduce the development gap

  • aid ; money or resources are given to a country by a charity or foreign government and this money is used for development projects aid can help but sometimes is wasted by corrupt government