FINALS

• Richard Feynman, an American Physicist discussed, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"


  1959
• Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng fabricated the first MOSFET (metal –oxide- semiconductor field-effect transistor) with a gate oxide thickness of 100nm, along with a gate length of 20μm


  1960
• Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese scientist of Tokyo University of Science coined the term "nanotechnology" to describe semiconductor processes such as film deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic control on the order of a nanometer


  1974
• The invention of Scanning Tunneling Microscope, an instrument used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. It was invented by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich (Nobel Prize in Physics)


  1981s
• The discovery of fullerenes, an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms

  1985
• Publication of the book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology by Eric Dexler


  1986
• The discovery of carbon nanotubes by Sumio Lijima

  1991
• The discovery of 3nm MOSFET, the worlds'smallest nanoelectronic device was created by Korean Researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and the National Nano Fab Center


  2006
• Early uses of Nanomaterials

  • In Mesopotamia, nanoparticles were used for creating a glittering effect on the surface of pots
  • In modern times, pottery from the middle Ages and Renaissance often retains a distinct gold- or copper-colored metallic glitter
• Lycurgus cup


  • Glass that changes colour when light gleamed through it
• Maya Blue pigment


  • Corrosion resistant azure pigment with nanopores for environmental stability
• Damascus steel swords


  • Contain oriented nanoscale wire-and-tube-like structures
• Nanotechnology


  The engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale
• Nanotechnology


  • Hybrid science combining Engineering, Chemistry and to a certain extent Biology
  • Deals with the creation of functional materials, devices, systems through control of matter or nanoscale
  • Placed the footprints in the field of energy, medicine, electronics, computing, security and materials
• Nanoscience


  The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale
• Nanotechnologies


  The design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale
• Norio Taniguichi


  Coined the term "nanotechnology" for semiconductor processes such as thin-film deposition that deal with control on the order of nanometers
• Nano can refer to technologies, materials, particles, objects – we are focusing on nanomaterials as these are already being used in workplaces more widely
• A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick, a human hair is around 80,000-100,000 nanometers wide
• Nanometre scale (1 μm = 1000 nm) - Viruses & DNA are 50 - 100 nm and 2 nm respectively
• Fundamental Concepts in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
• It's hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology is
• Nanometer


  A billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter
• Examples of nanometer scale

  • There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch
  • A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nanometers thick
  • If a marble were a nanometer, then one meter would be the size of the Earth
• Different approaches to nanotechnology

  • Top-down: Etching a block of material down to the desired shape, Chips and processors
  • Bottom-up: Building materials atom by atom - like lego, Nanoparticles such as C60, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots