Organic Molecules (Finals)

• Glycine

  Gly (Hydrogen side chain), Simplest a.a., Achiral, Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
• A


  Ala (methyl), ALT (Liver)
• F


  Phe (benzene ring), Aromatic, Xanthoproteic Test (+) Yellow/Orange

  
• V


  Val (isopropyl), Branched Amino acids

  
• I


  Ile (sec-butyl), Branched Amino acids

  
• L


  Leu (isobutyl), Branched Amino acids

  
• M


  Met (methyethyl thiol), S - containing thioether (C-S-C), Lead Acetate Test (+) Black ppt.

  
• W


  Trp (indole), Indole containing precursor of serotonin (5-HT), Hopkins-cole Test (+) Purple Ring, Xanthoproteic Test (+)Yellow
• P


  Pro (α-imino), Imino acid, Component of Collagen, Ninhydrin Test (-) Yellow

  
• S


  Ser (hydroxymethy), Precursor of Choline
• T


  Thr (ethanol)
• C


  Cys (thiomethyl), Thiol, Sulfhydryl Containing, Major component of Glutathionine, Nitroprusside Test (+) Red, Lead Acetate Test

  
• Y


  Tyr (phenol), Phenol containing, Precursor of all catecholamines (NE, Epi, DA), Millon's Test (+) red ppt or soln., Pauly's Test (+) Red, Xanthoproteic Test

  
• N


  Asn, Amide + 1 methylene Carbon

  
• Q


  Gln, Amide + 2 methylene Carbon

  
• D


  Asp (ethanoic acid)
• E


  Glu (propanoic acid), Excitatory Neurotransmitter
• K


  Lyn (N-butyl amine), Component of collagen, Schiff's Test (+) Pink-Violet
• R


  Arg (Guanidino + 3 methylene C), Guanidino, Part of Urea Cycle, Sakaguchi Test (+) Intense Red
• H


  His (Imidazole), Imidazole, Precursor of histamine, Pauly's Test (+) Red

  
• General Test for all Amino Acids: Ninhydrin (+) blue-purple

  
• Peptide bond: Biuret Test (+) Violet

  
• Essential amino acids


  • P V T TIM HArLL
  • F T W
• Glucogenic amino acids


  • The Rest

  
• Ketogenic amino acids


  • K LL

  
• Both Glucogenic and Ketogenic amino acids


  • FITTT

  
• Lipids


  Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

  
• Lipids


  • Mostly hydrophobic - they don't mix well with water
  • Made up mostly C-H bonds (Hydrocarbons)
  • Useful for long term energy storage
  • Make up the membranes of cells
  • Provide thermal insulation and protection

  
• Fatty acids


  • The monomer-like part of lipids
  • Made of a head (COOH) and tail (long chain of C bonded H)

  
• Triglyceride (Fats and Oils)

  • Most common type of lipid
  • Found in butter, lard, oils, margarines
  • Function: energy storage (2x more than carbohydrates) and protection/insulation
  • Structure: 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

  
• Saturated fats


  • All single bonds
  • Full of hydrogen
  • Straight chain
  • Solid at room temperature

  
• Unsaturated fats (Oils)


  • At least one double bond
  • Not full of hydrogen
  • "kinked" or "bent"
  • Liquid at room temperature

  
• Cis unsaturated fats


  Hydrogens are on the same sides of C=C

  
• Trans unsaturated fats


  Hydrogens are on the opposite sides of C=C
• Phospholipids


  • Forms cell membranes
  • "phospholipid bilayer"

  
• Steroids


  • Functions as hormones (chemical messages)
  • No fatty acids - C and H are in rings
  • Examples: Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, serotonin, insulin

  
• Cholesterol


  A type of steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized

  
• Waxes


  • Waterproofing in plants
  • Earwax repels debris
• Biomolecules


  Chemicals or molecules present in living organisms that determine the cell's function and how they participate in the processes necessary in maintaining life
• Elements that living matter is composed of

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur