Ac3.2

• CPSTED

  Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
• Crime results partly from the opportunities presented by the physical environment and it should be possible to alter the physical environment so less crime is likely to occur
• CPSTED Principles

  • Physical security
  • Surveillance
  • Movement Control
  • Management and Maintenance
  • Defensible Space
• Physical security

  The measurements which are used on individual dwellings to ensure that they withstand attack
• Surveillance

  Observations, ensuring that front doors face onto the street; that areas are well illuminated and blank walls are avoided
• Movement Control

  Restriction of access through movement. High levels of through movement allow offenders to access an area; permits identification of targets and increases anonymity
• Management and Maintenance

  The processes in place to ensure that a development is free from signs of disorder. Signalling area is cared for
• Defensible Space

  Ownership of space in a neighbourhood should be clearly defined. For example; public, Semi-public, semi-private, and private
• Environmental Tactics -

  CPSTED

  Summary: Changing the design of the environment to prevent crime.

  Example: Birmingham Bullring Market Design -

  • Incidents of pick pocketing increased 1980s
  • The design of the market facilitated such tests: poor lighting, small space
  • Improved lighting, wide space between stalls, increased visibility of potential offenders, increase social control.
• Environmental Tactics -

  CPSTED

  Strengths:

  • Promotes sense of ownership, positive boundary maintenance.
  • Brown and Altman: Physical modifications suggest residents care and help promote safer setting.
  • High - rise blocks have a higher crime than low level (supporting concept of low level visibility)
  • 12-13% decline in crime.
• Environmental Tactics -

  CPSTED

  Weaknesses:

  • Only focus on street crime and working class
  • Only mentions hidden places (graffiti)
  • Displaces crime
  • New Developments
  • Costly
  • Harder to obtain on existing.
• Environmental Tactics -

  CPSTED

  How does it achieve social control?

  • Offenders less likely to commit crime by target hardening and reducing opportunity for crime.
• Environmental Tactics -

  Prison Design -

  • The traditional prison design is the Panopticon shape (all seeing).
  • The concept of the design is to allow an observer to view all prisoners without the prisoners being able to tell if they are being watched.

  Achieves social control

  • Prisoners do not commit further crime from knowing they may be being watched - Self Surveillance.
• Environmental Tactics -

  Prison Design

  • Other deigns such as American Supermax Jails.
  • Most secure levels of custody. Objective is to provide long-term segregated housing for prisoners who represented the highest security risks, including those who pose a threat to national and international society.
  • The prison is home to about 360 inmates held under ultra -high security.
  • Costs 2-3 x more to build because of all the security measures.
• Environmental Tactics -

  Prison Designs

  • Uk newest prison is HMP Berwyn and is the countries biggest, holding 2,106 prisoners.
  • Yet the accommodation is divided into smaller units for easier managements of the inmates.
• Environmental Tactics-

  Prison Design

  Open Prisons

  • Minimum restrictions on prisoners movements and activities
  • Classed as Category D prisons they are used to prepare inmates for their release.
  • HMP Kirkland
• Environmental Tactics-

  Prison Designs

  Human Ecological Prisons

  • Making use of human ecology as a method of teaching individuals to discover that they are part of a global community.
  • Bastoy Prison Norway - Run under human - ecology values and understanding, amongst other things, the farming is ecological, the prisons handles most of it is own waste. And there is a consistent focus on minimising Co2 emissions.
  • Left Realists approaches produces very low reoffending 20% compared t0 60% in the UK.
• Gated Lanes

  Installed at each entrance of alleyway to deter burglars or other criminals from using them to gain unlawful access
• Gated Lanes

  • Reduce fear of crime
  • Based on Broken Window Theory
• Government regulations giving local authorities the power to put up gates on public highways to combat crime and antisocial behaviour

  April 2006
• Gated Lanes

  • Reduction of crime in Glasgow and Cardiff
  • In Preston, gated lanes were proved popular with residents as they give them a feeling of reclaim on their streets
  • Cardiff residents suggests that they have reduced crime and prevented rubbish being dumped behind houses
• Environmental Tactics -

  Gated Lanes

  Strengths:

  • Reduced burglary rates
  • Provide a physical barrier
  • Indicate it is a cared space that doesn’t tolerate crime and reduces anti-social behaviour
• Environmental Tactics -

  Gated Lanes

  Weaknesses

  • Doesn’t work within criminals in that area
  • Displacement
  • Costly (4,000)
  • Cannot prevent all crime.
• Behavioural Tactics -

  Anti-Social Behavioural Orders (ASBOs) / Criminal Behavioural Orders (CBOs)

  • Introduced in 1998 to limit and correct low-level anti social behaviour which would often involve swearing and drinking.
  • Criticism state persistent offenders viewed them as desirable as a badge of honour.
  • The CBO is available under the Anti Social behaviour, crime and policing act 2014, for use against anti- social offenders who have committed behaviour that has caused harassment, alarm and distress.
• Behavioural Tactics -

  ASBOs / CBOs

  Strengths:

  • Helps deal with the public concern on the issues of having a safer community helps communities feel that their problems are being tackled and treated seriously.
  • If a CBOs is breached, this would result in a further conviction. Maximum sentence of up to 5 years in prison or a fine or both for an adult.
  • Therefore may act as a deterrent to further fending and reduce crime rates.
• Behavioural Tactics -

  ASBOs /CBOs

  • Many viewed them as badges of honour
  • Use of CBOs further label offenders, especially young offenders
  • Could lead to secondary deviance
• Behavioural Tactics -

  Token Economies

  • Based on the psychological concept of behaviour modification.
  • Utilise operant conditioning to direct behaviour
  • Done by rewarding positive behaviour and punishing negative behaviour.
  • Aims to increase desirable behaviours and decrease undesirable behaviour.
  • Token Economy Programme - draws up a list of behaviours they wish to promote, this happens in prison in an attempt to control behaviour
• Behavioural Tactics

  Token Economies

  Examples

  • Follow all rules, keep clean, keep cell clean, no fighting, no intimidation, no further criminal activity, be industrious (get a job).
  • Rewards: Extra visiting hours, luxury items.
• Behavioural Tactics

  Token Economies

  Strengths

  • These policies are effective in increasing positive behaviours in some prisons
  • E.g attacks an officers dropped by 80% and those on inmates by 1/3 in Feltham young offenders when given sweets for good behaviour.
• Behavioural Tactics

  Token Economies

  Weaknesses

  • Fo and O’Donnell devised a ‘Buddy system‘ in which adult volunteer were assigned to a young offender to provide consistent reinforcement for oli ally acceptable ways of acting.
  • Where it appeared to have improved the behaviour of serous offenders, its impact on those who had committed less serious offences was mixed.
  • Evidence regarding the effectiveness of token economies suggests that they have short term effectiveness with both young offenders and adult offenders, yet the impact and improvements not had impact beyond the institution.
• Institutional Tactics -

  Rule Making

  • The Incentives and Earned Privileges system introduced in 1995 is an essential tool of prison management.
  • Promotes conforming behaviour through rational choice.
  • People to ear benefits in exchange for responsible behaviour encourages prisoners to engage with sentence planning and ensures a more disciplined and controlled environment which is safer for staff and prisoners.
• Institutional Tactics

  Rule Making -

  Prisoners incentive level based on

  • Keeping to the rules
  • helping other prisoners or staff
  • taking part in work and other industries
  • showing a commitment to rehabilitation

  Incentives that are available

  • Spend more of their money
  • Earn more money
  • Wear their own clothes
• Institutional Tactics

  Rule Making
• Levels of incentives

  • Basic Level
  • Standard Level
  • Enhanced Level
• Basic Level

  • Prisoners who have not abided by the behaviour principles, only have certain things that the law says they must have
  • They may be given some letters from family
• Standard Level

  • Prisoners who adequately abide by the behaviour required
  • They may be allowed more visits and letters maybe a TV and spend more money
• Enhanced Level

  • Prisoners who exceed standard level by abiding by behaviour principles and demonstrating the required types of behaviour to a consistently high standard
  • They gain extra luxury items
  • Wear their own clothes
  • Allowed more visits
  • TV and allowed to spend more money
• Institutional Tactics

  Rule Making

  Prisoners should not

  • Behave in a way that could offend, threaten or hurt someone else
  • Stop prison staff from doing their jobs
  • Causing damage to the prison
  • Ignore the instructions of prison staff
• Institutional Tactics

  Rule Making

  Punishments if prison rules are broken

  • You could get a caution
  • Your privileges could be removed from you up to 42 days
  • Up to 84 days worth of any money you earn could be stopped
  • You could be looked in a cell by yourself away from other prisoners for up to 35 days - called a cellular confinement.
• Institutional Tactics

  Staged Sanctions

  • Police have staged discipline procedures for dealing with offenders prior to court proceedings taking place. involving a series of cautions and warnings
  • They act as a second chance to allow the offender to admit guilt but without having to face court proceedings.
  • Similarly, the National Probation Service allows 2 minor breaches of the community order to act as a warning before referring the matter back to a court.