psyk 109

• Motivation


  An internal state that provides behavior with energy, direction and persistence
• Motivation


  • Energy: the behavior is relatively strong and intense
  • Direction: the behavior is aimed at achieving a specific goal
  • Persistence: the behavior endures over time
• Motivation


  Can be measured by behaviour, engagement, psychological activation, brain activity and self-raport
• Behaviour


  • Expresses presence, intensity and quality of motivation
  • If an individual shows a high interest level in an activity, the individual presides over a specific goal or instead of another activity, the engagement in a specific activity is a relatively intense motive
  • If the interest in an activity is low, the individual will have low interest in achieving a goal and can show accent of a motive or at least a relatively weak one
• Expressions of motivation in behaviour

  • Effort
  • Persistence
  • Latency
  • Choice
  • Probability
  • Facial expressions
  • Bodily gestures
• Effort


  The exertion that is put forth during a task
• Choice


  When provided with two different options, which one is the preferred one over the other
• Engagement


  • The active involvement in the activity
  • Indication of how actively involved an individual is during an activity, this can be seen in behavior, emotion, cognition and agency
• Engagement expressions


  • On task behavior
  • Effort
  • Persistence
  • Positive emotions like interest, enjoyment and enthusiasm
  • Absence of distress, anger, anxiety and frustrations
• internal motives : needs cognitions and emotions
• external motives : rewards and punishments
• Needs


  Fundamental requirements that drive human behavior and influence our motivation
• Types of needs


  • Physiological
  • Psychological
  • Implicit
• Needs play a crucial role in our well-being and survival
• Needs are fundamental requirements that drive human behavior and influence our motivation. They can be categorized into various types, each playing a crucial role in our well-being and survival.
• cognitions refer to mental events, such as thoughts, belifes, expectations , plans, goals, self-conceps .

  cognitive sources of motivation involve the person’s way of thinking
• emotions are complex but coordinated feeling-arousal-purposive-expressive reactions to the sgnificant events in our lives.
• delibrative mindset is a open-minded approach to decision making that involves considering all possible options and weighing the pros and cons of each.
• implemental mindset is an clouse-mindset that is focused on the practical aspects of the problem. and is more fixed on achiving the set goal
• the tree mindesets are

  delibarate - implemental

  promotion - prevention

  growth - fixed
• Promotion is a motivational system that is an improvment-based regulatory style
• preventional is a motivational system that is security-based motivation that is based on the idea that if you are not punished for your actions, you will not be punished for your actions
• promotion regulatory focus centers on the possibility of advancement
• growth mindsets believe that their abilities can improve with effort while people who have a fixed mindset believe that they cannot change or develop new skills
• prevention regulatory focuses on avoiding negative outcomes
• people with growth mindsets tend to take risks and embrace challenges because they see them as opportunities to grow and learn
• people with growth mindsets tend to take risks because they see failure as an opportunity to grow and learn from mistakes
• fixed mindsets believe that intelligence is innate and unchangeable
• people with a fixed mindset avoid taking risks because they fear failure and view it as a reflection of their inherent ability
• people with prevention regulatory focus tend to avoid risky situations and prefer predictability
• a person's mindset affects how they approach challenges and setbacks, with those having a growth mindset being more likely to persist through difficulties.
• the self-determination theory suggests that individuals have three basic psychological needs: autonomy (feeling like we're making our own choices), competence (feeling capable of achieving goals), and relatedness (feeling connected to others)
• internal motivs is a internal drive and reason to propl an individual to engage in a activities for their inherent satisfaction
• extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards such as money, grades, praise, etc.
• sef-regulation is the ability to control one's own behavior and emotions
• relation between emotion and motivation is that emotion is a motivational system that is activated by the perception of a stimulus
• positive emotions are associated with increased creativity, better problem solving skills, and greater resilience
• negative emotions can lead to decreased performance on tasks requiring cognitive effort
• emotions are the result of the interaction of biological and psychological processes, and are influenced by the environment
• the flow of an emotion episode typically includes situation, attention, appraisal, and response regulation