Couples

• what is the domestic division of labour?

  the roles that men and women play in relation to the housework , childcare and paidwork
• who's theory is the gender roles?

  Parsons
• what are the 2 gender roles?

  (1) instrumental - males and (2) expressive - female
• what does Parsons argue about the 2 roles?

  that they are the natural way and the DOL is based on biological differences
• who's idea is the joint and segregated roles?

  Bott
• what are the segregated roles?

  the couple have separated roles and responsibilities
• what are the joint roles?

  the couple share paid work , domestic tasks and childcare
• who's theory is the symmetrical family?

  Wilmott and Young
• what do W&Y say about the symmetrical family?

  the husbands and wives role are more like joint conjugal roles but there are still some differences between the roles and responsibilities
• what do W&Y say the characteristics of a symmetrical family are?

  (1)women go out to work even if it is part time (2) men now help with childcare and housework (3) couples spend leisure time together
• what are the 4 social changes in the symmetrical family?

  (1) changes in women's role (2) geographic mobility (3) new technologies (4) higher standards of living
• what does Rosemary Crompton argue?

  that the DOL is still unequal because men still earn more than women and therefore women are expected to do more housework and childcare
• how do W&Y characterise the symmetrical family?

  (1)stable (2)child-centred (3)greater levels of equality between the genders (4)mutual adaptation between needs of home and economy
• what are the issues with the symmetrical family being stable?

  (1)rising divorce rates (2)domestic violence (3)child abuse
• what are the issues with the symmetrical family being child-centred?

  (1)it is centred on the needs of adults (2)it is centred on the needs of the economy
• what are the issues with the symmetrical family having greater levels of equality?

  (1)pay gap (2)women still do more housework (3)men still dominate decision making
• who rejects W&Y march of progress argument?

  feminists (all except liberal)
• what does Oakley say about the symmetrical family?

  it is a huge overstatement because men's 'help' with housework is tiny
• what statistics did Oakley find?

  only 15% of men had a high level of participation in housework and 25% in childcare
• who supports Oakley's argument?

  Mary Boulton
• what did Boulton find about the symmetrical family?

  less than 20% of husbands had a major role in childcare
• who supports Boulton's argument?

  Braun , Vincent and Ball
• what did Braun , Vincent and Ball find in their study?

  in their study of 70 families only 3 of these was a father the main carer and argued that most are background fathers with a 'provider ideology'
• what did Warde and Hetherington find in their study?

  found that wives are 30 times more likely to be the last person to have washed up and men were 4 times more likely to have washed the car
• what did Gershuny find in the impact of paid work?

  women who do paid work do less work within the home and the longer a woman was in paid work , the more housework her husband did.
• what statistics did Gershuny find?

  wives with no job did 83% of housework , wives with a part time job did 82% of housework and women with a full time job did 73% of the housework
• what did Silver and Schor argue?

  increased technology means women have less timely housework to do and this has led to the 'death of the housewife role'
• what evidence do Ferri and Smith find?

  women suffer from a dual burden and in their study less than 4% of the cases the man was in charge of childcare
• what does Morris say about the dual burden?

  that unemployed men see domestic tasks as 'women's work'
• what do Duncombe and Marsden argue?

  there is actually a triple burden because women are used for emotional support as well as housework and childcare and paid work
• what is a dual burden?

  women are burdened with both housework and childcare
• what is a triple shift?

  women are burdened with housework , childcare and paid work
• what does Dunne say about gender scripts?

  these are social expectations of men and women doing set things
• what did Man-Yee Kan find?

  income from employment , age and education affected how much housework women did
• what did Graham find out about money management?

  over half the women in her study preferred benefits to their previous financial support from their husbands after they split up
• what does the earner of the house have more say in?

  decision making
• what are the 2 types of control over income did Pahl and Vogler find?

  pooling and the allowance system
• what is pooling?

  both partners have joint access to income eg. a joint bank account
• what is the allowance system?

  men give women a budget for the home and childcare and keep the rest
• what statistics did Pahl and Vogler find?

  pooling had increased from 19% with the parents to 50% with the current couple