definitions of abnormality

• Statistical infrequency: when an individual has a less common characteristic compared the the majority of people. If someone is infrequent, they are abnormal. This definition is based on comparing people to the average. Example: IQ - average IQ is 85, if over or under this someone is considered abnormal.
• Deviation from social norms is when an individual behaves in a different way from what is socially accepted. An example of this is having an anti-social personality disorder.
• Failure to function adequately is when an individual cannot cope with the demands of daily life. This relates to many different things e.g., hygiene, having a stable job. Rosenhan & Seligman developed signs of not coping: maladaptive behaviour, observer discomfort & personal distress. This is measured with the global assessment of functioning scale (GAF). Example: intellectual disability disorders.
• Deviation from ideal mental health is when someone no longer meets the criteria for ideal mental health. Jahoda (1958) developed a criteria for ideal mental health. Some of these characteristics are: self-actualisation; autonomy and accurate perception.
• Statistical infrequency - AO3:

  • has use. This definition is used in clinical settings, patients can be compared to the average to have a diagnosis. HOWEVER, some do not benefit from having a label - it could cause them psychological harm. But, the aim of psychology is achieved via SI.
  • does not say which traits are desirable and which are undesirable. High IQ = abnormal; low IQ = abnormal but one is seen as desirable and one is not. HOWEVER, it is an objective measure of abnormality. But, harm can be caused to people.
• Deviation from social norms - AO3:

  • practical use. Used in clinical settings to help diagnose different disorders e.g., schizotypal personality disorder. This means that there is application.
  • culturally relative. Abnormal behaviour in one culture is not always the same as abnormal behaviour in another culture. + abnormality is era dependent - there is a change over time. The definition lacks validity & reliability.
• Failure to function adequately - AO3:

  • a threshold for help. At most points, people have some symptoms of this but still function. People know to get help when they cannot function. ALTHOUGH, people can self-diagnose which causes issues. But, this definition helps psychology achieve its aim.
  • failure to function might not be abnormal. In some situations, people fail to cope but should not be seen as abnormal. Definition is socially sensitive.
• Deviation from ideal mental health - AO3:

  • comprehensive definition. Jahoda made the criteria of ideal mental health. People can use this criteria with professionals to help their mental health. HOWEVER, it is hard for all the criteria to be met e.g., self-actualisation. But, it is useful for assessing individuals.
  • cultural bias. Jahoda's values are built up on western cultures, this criteria may differ in non-western cultures. Definition lacks the ability to be generalised.