Unit 4 3.2

• Unreported crime impacts the level of social control due to the dark figure of crime being around 60%
• From unreported crime, it is unable to be investigated which causes a lack of attention on certain crime as well as causing lack of justice being served
• Only one in four rape cases are reported
• From the unreported numbers, it comes across as not being too serious to prioritise
• Resources have also impacted level of social control achieved
• Funding comes from taxation, and this led to limitation due to the financial crash which occurred in 2008
• Overall funding is shared out to other forces and educational services, so there is limited funding given to each agency
• In 2010-2018 the police lost around 20,000 officers as well as 19% of their overall funding
• In comparison the CPS lost 25% of their funding and 1/3 of staff
• This causes a limitation on number of cases investigated as well as leaving work strain on staff
• Environmental design and gated lanes


  • Used by agencies to achieve social control
• Defensible area


  An area which looks clearly owned such as fencing
• Indefensible area


  An area that looks confused and is more likely to draw in crime, such as stairwells, corridors, and lifts
• Indefensible areas


  • Stairwells
  • Corridors
  • Lifts
• Oscar Newman found that 50% of crimes happened mostly in indefensible areas
• Alice Coleman analysed a block of flats in two London boroughs and found that poor design of flats promoted criminality
• Alice Coleman's recommendations


  1. Not build anymore flats

  2. Remove overhead walkways to improve visibility and surveillance
• Removing overhead walkways led to a 50% reduction of crime
• Police forces have hired specialist architects to help design buildings which deter crime from taking place
• Gated lanes are an idea to put lockable gates on the alleyways between rows of terrace houses
• Gated lanes


  Only residents can use the gates due to them having either a lock or a keypad to enter, and they are usually made of iron or steel and bespoke
• Gated lanes


  Can decrease the risks of the broken window theory by making the area more orderly and cleaner rather than damaged
• Gated lanes


  Limit the number of items that can be taken during a burglary due to limited access
• Disadvantages of gated lanes


  • They are expensive, costing between £800-£4000
  • They require a lot of community co-operation to be effective, as they need to be closed and always locked
• Sidebottom claimed that although gated lanes are worth having for limited access, they do not prevent crime from taking place
• ToKen economy is an aim to achieve social control by drawing up desirable behaviour. This can be delivered differently by different organisations due to them having various measures and tactics.
• ToKen economy is supported by operant conditioning as it uses reinforcement to reduce behaviour using tokens and rewards
• For token economy, the first reinforcer is the reward such as attending drug therapy and the secondary reinforcer is an example of them being clean from drugs
• A strength of token economy is that in Hobbs and holt study he tested 12 to 15 year yea-old Boyes in correctional institutions in USA. From this he found a significant result in the use of Token economy on changing behaviour. It also lasted around 14 months
• However a weakness of token economy is that once the offender leaves prison the reinforcement is stopped from this the individual is trying to go back to previous previous behaviour
• ASBOS created in 1998 by the Blair labour government. Until they were later abandoned in 2015 and became the crime and disorder act 1998
• ASBOS but given out as civil orders however if one was breached, you were given a five year prison sentence
• The aim of an ASBO was to reduce behaviour such as verbal abuse and loud car activities which takeaway peoples freedoms
• As strength of an ASBO was that it had deterred individuals behaviour due to hanging over them
• A weakness of ASBOS was that it was not affective enough due to most them being breached.

  this was because around 24,000 were given out 58% were breached and 10,000 were breached repeatedly
• Panoptican prison design is when guard can have a 360° view of ourselves in that ward this is because the cell is arranged in a circular formulation in which a tower is placed in the middle
• The idea of a Panopticon was put forward by Jeremy Bentham who wanted to create an institutional building of system control. This is because the guards can see the inmates however the inmates cannot see the guard.
• The Panopticon creates self surveillance cooperative behaviour
• The super Max is a second prison design which is made of hard durable material to keep control of inmates and there is no way of escape. As well as this there is a lot of echoing in the design which increases a lot of stress for both inmates and the staff.
• Most of all present designs have changed over the years due to encouraging voluntary cooperative behaviour as well as increasing positive relationships and rehabilitation. There is also a lot more focus on mental health above staff and inmates