MIGRATION

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Created by
Mavel Anne

Cards (36)

  • Migration tends to be regarded as problematic.
  • It has to be controlled and curbed, for it may bring unpredictable changes. Its decisions are made NOT just by individuals; they often represent family strategies to maximize income and survival chances.
  • The significance of migration as a major factor in societal change lies in the fact that it is concentrated in certain countries and regions.
  • Migration needs to take place in an orderly way to safeguard the human rights of migrants
  • Some are following are causes of migration:
    • employment
    • disparity in levels of income
    • social well-being.
  • According to neoclassical economic theory, the main cause of migration is individuals's efforts to maximize their income by moving from low-wage to high-wage economies.
  • Many scholars argue that internal and international migration are part of the same processes and should be analyzed together.
  • International migrants remain a fairly small minority, while internal migration, conversely, is much larger.
  • Temporary Labor Migrants migrate for a limited period of time in order to work and send remittances to families in the country of origin.
  • Irregular Migrants enter the country in search of employment with no necessary documents and permits.
  • Highly-skilled migrants are people with qualifications who move within the internal labor markets of transnational corporations and international organizations.
  • Refugees are unable or unwilling to return to their country because of a well-founded fear or persecution.
  • Asylum seekers are those who move across borders in search of protection
  • In 2016, the Distribution of OFWs in Asia was 85.0%
  • Australia and Africa have the same percentage distributions of OFWs in 2016
  • Hong Kong and Singapore have the same percent distribution of OFWs.
  • Saudi Arabia is the top destination of OFWs in Asia
  • Top 3 destinations of OFW's in 2016
    1. Asia
    2. Europe
    3. North and South America
  • OFWs in Europe decreased from 7.4% to 6.9%
  • In 2020, the top continental destinations for Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) were predominantly in Asia.
  • Top 5 destination countries:
    1. Saudi Arabia
    2. UAE
    3. Kuwait
    4. Hong Kong
    5. Singapore
  • Europe or Africa was the least favored region by OFWs
  • India and China are the fastest growing countries in the Asian region
  • In Asia, a large number of small farmers in countries like Cambodia, Laos, the Philippines, Bangladesh, and Nepal continue to suffer from weak access to land and tenure insecurity, in the wider context of weak governance institutions, poor law enforcement, and endemic corruption.
  • Migration Crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum period (Boyle et al. 1998)
  • Internal migration: The movement of people from one area like a province, a district, or municipality to another within one country
  • International migration: Crossing the frontiers which separate one of the world’s approximately 200 states from another.
  • Forced Migration: In a broader sense, this includes not only refugees and asylum seekers but also people forced to move by environmental catastrophes or development projects like new factories, roads or dams
  • Family members: Also known as family reunion or family reunification migrants
  • Return migrants: Those whore turn to their countries of origin after a period in another country
  • Migration decisions are made not just by individuals, they often represent family strategies to maximize income and survival chances (Hugo, 1994)
  • Effects or Migration:
    • Does migration assist or impede development?
    • Brain Drain
    • Benefits for destination country: flexible, lower cost labor
    • Remittances
    • Abuse of migrants
    • Re-integration
  • The United Nations figures show that the global migrant stock (the number of people resident in a place outside their country of birth) grew from 75 million in 1965 to 120 million in 1990.
  • The 1990 figure was roughly equal to 2% of the world’s population.
  • The number of migrants grew slightly faster than the world population as a whole, but the annual growth rate of 1.9% for the whole period increasing to 2.6% from 1985-1990 was not dramatic.
  • Internal migrants in India in 1981 was some 200 million.