CPHM FINALS

• Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)


  Chronic diseases or lifestyle-related diseases
• 4 major NCDs


  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Cancer
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
  • Diabetes mellitus
• In the Philippines, urbanization and lifestyle changes have brought about a considerable change on the health status
• Globalization and social change influenced the spread of NCDs
• 3 major risk factors for NCDs

  • smoking
  • physical inactivity
  • unhealthy diet
• Health educator


  Essential role to achieve community health, concerned with promoting health as well as reducing behavior-induced diseases
• Health educator aims to

  1. Inform the people

  2. Motivate the people

  3. Guide the people into action
• Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure


  Sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure, major risk factor for other CVDs
• Types of Hypertension


  • Primary Hypertension
  • Secondary Hypertension
• Primary Hypertension


  No definite cause but attributed to atherosclerosis, also called Essential or Idiopathic hypertension
• Secondary Hypertension


  Result from other diseases that lead to hypertension, such as renal diseases
• Risk Factors for Hypertension


  • Family History
  • Age
  • Race
  • High salt intake
• Lifestyle Factors for Hypertension

  • Obesity
  • Excess alcohol consumption
  • Stress
• Prevention of Hypertension includes encouraging proper nutrition, smoking cessation, and regular check-ups
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)


  Heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood flow, also known as Ischemic Heart Disease
• CAD can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack), arrhythmias, heart failure and sudden death
• Cause of CAD


  Atherosclerosis (thickening of the inside wall of the arteries due to deposition of fat-like substance)
• Risk Factors for CAD


  • Family History
  • Age
  • Race
  • Sex
  • Elevated blood lipids (Low Density Lipoprotein)
  • Hypertension
  • Smoking
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Obesity
  • Stress
• Prevention of CAD includes regular exercises & physical activity, proper nutrition, stopping smoking, and early diagnosis & prompt treatment
• Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke


  Loss or alteration of bodily function that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some parts of the brain
• Types of Stroke


  • Thrombolytic stroke
  • Embolic stroke
  • Hemorrhagic stroke
• Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability
• Symptoms of stroke include weakness or paralysis usually on 1 side of the body and slurring of speech
• Cancer


  Develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control, continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so
• Metastasis


  Cancer cells get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels and can travel to other parts of the body and begin to grow and replace normal cells
• Prevention of Cancer


  • Smoking cessation
  • Encourage proper nutrition (increase intake of dietary fibers, limit consumption of smoked, charcoal-broiled, salt cured foods)
  • Drink alcohol beverages in moderation
  • Control obesity
  • Early diagnosis and prompt treatment
• Risk Factors for Cancer


  • Hereditary/family history
  • Carcinogens (polycyclic hydrocarbons, benzopyrene, nitrosamines, radiation, viruses, aflatoxin)
• Diabetes Mellitus


  Genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia present at time of diagnosis
• Types of Diabetes Mellitus

  • Type I - Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
  • Type II - Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
  • Gestational Diabetes
• Risk Factors for Type II Diabetes Mellitus


  • Family history
  • Overweight and obesity
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Hypertension
• Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Chronic renal disease
  • Blindness/retinopathy
  • Cardiovascular disease/Stroke
  • Foot ulcers
• Screening for Diabetes Mellitus


  1. Ask the patient (for adults 20 years and above) about family history, polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia, unexplained weight loss

  2. Fasting blood sugar

  3. 2 hours post prandial test
• Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus includes encouraging proper nutrition, maintaining body weight and preventing obesity, promoting regular exercise, and smoking cessation
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  Disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases
• Smoking is the primary cause of COPD
• COPD is usually due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema
• Primary symptoms of COPD include cough, sputum production, and dyspnea
• Complications of COPD


  • Respiratory failure
  • Cardiovascular disease
• Bronchial Asthma


  Chronic disease characterized by chronic inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of airways, inflammatory disorder of the airways
• Host Factors for Asthma

  • Genetic predisposition
  • Atopy/allergy
  • Airway hyperresponsiveness
  • Gender
  • Race/ethnicity