FOOD SECURITY & SUSTAINABILITY

• 17 Sustainable Developmental Goals:

  1-5:

  1. no poverty
  2. no hunger
  3. good health and well-being
  4. quality education
  5. gender equality
• 17 Sustainable Developmental Goals:

  6-10

  • clear water and sanitation
  • renewable energy
  • good jobs and economic growth
  • innovation and infrustracture
  • reduced inequalities
• 17 Sustainable Developmental Goals:

  11-17

  • sustainable cities
  • responsible consumption and production
  • climate action
  • life below water
  • life on land
  • peace, justice, and strong institutions
  • partnerships for the goals
• Sustainability perspectives started to be visible not only in the environmental area but also on the theme of overpopulation.
• As of 2023, only 12% of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets are on track to be achieved by 2030.
• Bruntland Report (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) said that 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs' deserves the label of sustainability.
• Modern debate on sustainability focused mainly on environmental questions.
• Paul Romer and Robert Lucas in 1980's proposed a new theory called the New Growth Theory.
• The endogenous factors like human capital and education were recognized as crucial for growth.
• New ideas in technology and organization made it possible to overtake the steady state of zero growth and induce development without increasing resources.
• The global electricity access rate increased from 87% in 2015 to 91% in 2021, serving close to an additional 800 million people
• The United States and Brazil are the world's largest bioethanol producing countries
• In the next four decades or so, average global temperature will rise by 2-3 degrees Celsius
• Climate change will bring the developing countries 'high costs and few benefits
• There was the Great Depression that happened in 1929, when the economy collapsed in a dramatic way after long years of post-war prosperity and overproduction.
• Stability means permanence to change, firmness in position or resistance to change
• Stability is avoiding large swings in the following: high inflation, economic activity and excessive volatility in exchange rates.
• Monetarism is premised on the idea that stabilization could be produced through the control of the amount of money in circulation.
• Milton Friedman started to dominate global capitalism
• Global capitalism fitted well with neoliberalism, which expanded with the free market reforms of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher.
• The global crisis in the 1970's opened the gates of new economic ideas.
• International Monetary Fund, 2012, defines it as avoiding large swings in economic activity, high inflation, and excessive volatility in exchange rates and financial markets.
• According to McDonald, Food security is associated with the availability of food at the local, national and global levels.
• UN World Food Conference, defined food security as the 'availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices
• Beans that can survive heat and drought are just a couple of examples of climate-resilient crops under development at CGIAR research centers around the world
• Beans kept at the 2 banks are sent to partners in 30 countries across the continent to be developed further so they can cope with local conditions.
• In parts of Africa and Latin America, farmers could actually expand production into areas now too hot for beans.
• “Heat-beater" beans could limit areas lost to climate change from a predicted 50 percent to under 5 percent.
• Super beans are the new hope against hunger in Africa.
• (Newser) Super bean: high-yield variety, fast-maturing and resistant to drought conditions. It is being promoted by Uganda's government and agriculture experts amid efforts to feed hunger-prone parts of Africa. It's also a step toward the next goal: the "super, super bean” that researchers hope can be created through genetic editing.
• Africa produces less than 4% of the world's greenhouse gasses.
• The Uganda bank stores around 4,000 types of beans including Rwanda before its 1994 genocide in that killed around 800,000 people.
• Global Citizenship is a way of living that recognizes our world is an increasingly complex web of connections and interdependencies.
• Hegel and Marx conceptualized civil society as the sphere defined by the market economy, and its resulting individualism and socially divisive effects.
• There was a Great Depression that happened in 1929 when the economy collapsed in a dramatic way after long years of post-war prosperity and overproduction
• The Solow-Swan model from the 1950s saw the only chance for innovations.
• Tragedy of Commons that analyzed how public goods got exhausted by actors in a free market economy (Hardin, 1968).
• The Club of Rome published The Limits to Growth which dealt with the connection between economic growth and the scarcity of resources
• The group operates one of just two bean “gene banks” in Africa, which is expected to be hit hardest by climate change even though the continent produces less than 4% of the world’s greenhouse gasses, according to the UN Development Program
• The 1974 UN World Food Conference defined food security as the ‘availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices’