adaptive immune response

• Innate:


  Non- specific

  Elements present at birth

  Effective against wide range of

  pathogens

  Lifelong presence

  Present in all animal species
• Adaptive:


  Specific for certain antigens

  Gained after exposure

  Delay before effective (3-5 days)

  Memory -faster response to subsequent exposure to same pathogen

  Carried out by lymphatic system

  Only in vertebrates

  Lifelong once acquired (mostly)
• immunity

  labels

  A) innate lymphoid cells

  B) natural killer cells

  C) mast cells

  D) eosinophils

  E) neutrophils

  F) macrophages

  G) dendritic cells

  H) lymphocytes

  I) cytotoxic

  J) helper

  K) b cell

  
• effector cells example


  lymphocytes
• lymphocytes

  • 6 micrometres diameter
  • 3 days-8 weeks
  • circulate blood and lymph
  • activated by antigens
  • originate in bone marrow
• B cells always originate and mature in bone marrow
• T cells originate in bone marrow and mature in the thymus
• immune cells are generated in the

  bone marrow
• immune cells are activated in the

  lymph node
• primary lymphoid organs


  thymus and bone marrow
• interstitial fluid bathes tissue
• lymph flows through lymphatic vessels throughout body
• immune cells travel around the body and interact with lymphoid organs
• secondary lymphoid organs 


  lymph nodes, spleen
• dendritic cells and macrophages can

  phagocytose
• lymphocytes involved in immune response
• spleen is a blood filter
• red pulp is to remove old/dead

  RBCs
• lymph nodes filter lymph
• antigen presenting cells include

  dendritic cells

  macrophages

  B cells
• dendritic cells are known as 


  professional antigen presenting cells
• 2 types of adaptive immunity

  humoral and cell-mediated
• humoral response is 


  defence against pathogens and toxins in extracellular fluid
• cell-mediated response is 


  defence against infected cells, cancer cells and transplanted cells
• antigen is 


  any foreign molecule which is specifically recognised by lymphocytes and elicits a response from them
• epitope is an 


  antigenic determinant
• developing B cells that are self-reactive are

  destroyed
• when mature B cell is activated can make memory or plasma cells
• plasma cells make antibodies
• antibody subclasses

  • IgM
  • IgE
  • IgD
  • IgA
  • IgG
• IgM is the first Ig to be formed after antigen exposure
• IgE is response to allergic reaction
• IgA is in secretion
• IgD is membrane bound
• IgG is in highest amounts
• second exposure to an antigen results in

  faster, greater, longer immune response
• B lymphocytes secrete antibodies, present antigen to activate T cells
• T Helper cells 


  dictate what cells are then activated
• cytotoxic T cells defend against cells. cancer cells and transplanted cells
• T cell development

  labels

  A) cytotoxic T cells

  B) T helper cells