biology

• The word equation for photosynthesis is carbon dioxide + water->glucose + oxygen
• An endothermic reaction is a reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings
• energy must be transferred to the leaf as light for photosynthesis to take place
• chloroplasts is responsible for photosynthesis, which is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy
• chlorophyll is responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.
• Uses for glucose are: respiration, cellular respiration, storage, and energy production
• plants require nitrate ions and glucose to make protein
• fermentation is the name given to anaerobic respiration in yeast cells
• fermentation needs warm wet an anaerobic conditions to work
• economically important processes that make use of anaerobic respiration in yeast: bread making, wine making, beer making
• Aerobic respiration releases around 19x more energy than anaerobic respiration
• cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy
• an exothermic reaction is a reaction that releases energy to the surroundings
• aerobically= with oxygen, anaerobically= without oxygen
• the word equation for aerobic respiration is glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
• the word equation for anaerobic respiration is glucose --> lactic acid
• 3 polymers synthesised from glucose are starch, cellulose and glycogen
• the makeup of lipids is fatty acids, glycerol, and phospholipids
• amino acids are formed from glucose + nitrate ions and used to synthesise proteins
• proteins are broken down to form urea prior to excretion
• oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to remove lactic acid from the muscles
• 2 things that happen to muscles when they experience long period of activity: 1. Muscle fibres become fatigued 2. Muscle fibres become damaged
• the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant or yeast cells is glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide
• 3 the ways the body responds to excersize is increased breathing rate, increased heart rate and increased blood flow
• metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell or organism
• the energy for metabolism comes from the energy transferred by respiration in cells
• factors that affect photosythesis: light intensity, temperature, CO2 concentration, chlorophyll concentration
• a communicable disease is a disease that can be passed from one person to another
• a pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease in a host
• examples of pathogens are bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and helminths
• a way that bacteria makes humans ill is they produce poisons
• A way viruses make humans ill is by inserting their genetic material into our cells.
• a virus causes measles
• the symptoms of measles are fever, cough, red skin rash, and red eyes
• young children are protected from measles by the MMR vaccine
• the initial symptoms of HIV infection are flu like symptoms, fever, tiredness, and muscle aches
• if HIV is not rapidly treated the virus attacks the body's immune cells
• AIDS occurs in late stage HIV infection
• ways that HIV spreads is through: sexual contact, sharing needles, blood transfusions
• TMV is Tobacco mosaic virus