globalisation and migration

• effects of globalisation on migration

  • rate of migration - 2019 272 million international migrants
  • different types of migrants
  • feminisation of migrants
  • migrant identities
  • politicalisation of migration
• different types of migrants

  • permanent settlers
  • temporary workers
  • forced migrants - refugees, asylum seekers
  • international students
• vertovec 


  super-diversity

  migrants now come from a wider range of countries
• Cohen


  three types of migrants

  1. citizens - full citizenship rights (voting rights, access to benefits)
  2. denizens - privileged foreign nationals welcomes by state e.g billionaires
  3. helots - 'slaves' most exploited group, found in unskilled poor paid work
• feminisation of migration


  in the past most migrants were men

  now half of all global migrants are female

  globalisation of the gender division of labour - female migrants better fitted for caring roles or sexual services
• ehrenreich and Hochschild 


  feminisation of migration

  observe that care work, domestic work, sex work in western countries is done by women from poor countries
• eade - migrant identities 


  migrants may develop hybrid identities

  found that second generation Bangladeshi muslims in Britain created hierarchal identities

  muslim -> bengali -> British

  du-bois - double consciousness
• du-bois double consciousness 


   describes the feeling that you have more than one social identity, which makes it difficult to develop a sense of self.

  migrants with hybrid identities may struggle to stay true to their own culture whilst having to conform to the society they live in
• eriksen - transnational identities

  • globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns
  • back and forth movements of people rather than permanent settlement
  • leads to migrants not seeing themselves belonging to just one culture
• assimilation policies


  policies aiming to encourage immigrants to adopt language, values , customs of the country

   e.g early Americans imposing their customs, religious beliefs, and language on Native Americans, citizenship tests
• eriksen - multiculturalism


  globalisation led to more cultural diversity

  however acceptance may be limited to shallow aspects of cultural diversity

  shallow diversity - national dish as chicken tikka seen as acceptable

  deep diversity - arranged marriages not acceptable to state
• impacts of migration and globalisation

  • multiculturalism
  • employment
  • changes to demography
  • policies e.g assimilation policies
  • hybrid migrants
  • feminisation of migration
  • dependancy ratio
• impacts of globalisation on family

  • globalisation has led to an increase in geographic mobility across international borders
  • Changed the way people live, work, communicate
  • shaped different identities in the uk and led to greater diversity
• globalisation

  • idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national borders