NCD

• Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)


  Chronic diseases or lifestyle-related diseases
• 4 major NCDs


  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Cancer
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
  • Diabetes mellitus
• In the Philippines, urbanization and lifestyle changes have brought about a considerable change on the health status
• Globalization and social change influenced the spread of NCDs
• Health educator


  Essential role to achieve community health, concerned with promoting health as well as reducing behavior-induced diseases
• Health educator aims to

  • Inform the people
  • Motivate the people
  • Guide the people into action
• Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure


  Sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure, major risk factor for the development of other CVDs like Coronary Heart Disease or Stroke
• Types of Hypertension


  • Primary Hypertension
  • Secondary Hypertension
• Primary Hypertension


  No definite cause but attributed to atherosclerosis, also known as Essential hypertension or Idiopathic hypertension
• Secondary Hypertension


  Result from other diseases that leads to hypertension such as renal diseases
• Risk Factors for Hypertension


  • Family History
  • Age
  • Race
  • High salt intake
• Lifestyle Factors for Hypertension

  • Obesity
  • Excess alcohol consumption
  • Stress
• Prevention of Hypertension


  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • Smoking cessation
  • Regular check-ups
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)


  Heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood flow, also known as Ischemic Heart Disease
• CAD can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack), arrhythmias, heart failure and sudden death
• Cause of CAD


  Atherosclerosis (thickening of the inside wall of the arteries due to deposition of fat-like substance)
• Risk Factors for CAD


  • Family History
  • Age
  • Race
  • Sex
  • Elevated blood lipids (Low Density Lipoprotein)
  • Hypertension
  • Smoking
  • DM
  • Obesity
  • Stress
• Prevention of CAD


  • Regular exercises & physical activity
  • Proper nutrition – limit salt intake, limit saturated fats
  • Stop smoking
  • Early diagnosis & prompt treatment
• Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke


  Loss of alteration of bodily function that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some parts of the brain
• Types of Stroke


  • Thrombolytic stroke
  • Embolic stroke
  • Hemorrhagic stroke
• Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability
• Symptoms of Stroke


  • Weakness or paralysis usually 1 side of the body
  • Slurring of speech
• Cancer


  Develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control, continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so, compete with normal cells for the blood supply and nutrients
• Metastasis


  Cancer cells gets into the bloodstream or lymph vessels and can travel to other parts of the body and begin to grow and replace normal cells
• Types of Tissues in the Body

  • 3 types
• Prevention of Cancer


  • Smoking cessation
  • Encourage proper nutrition - increase intake of dietary fibers, limit consumption of smoked, charcoal-broiled, salt cured foods
  • Drink alcohol beverages in moderation
  • Control obesity
  • Early diagnosis and prompt treatment
• Risk Factors for Cancer


  • Hereditary/family history
  • Carcinogens - polycyclic hydrocarbon, benzopyrene, nitrosamines, radiation, viruses, aflatoxin
• Diabetes Mellitus


  Genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia present at time of diagnosis
• Types of Diabetes


  • Type I - Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
  • Type II - Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
  • Gestational Diabetes
• Type I Diabetes


  Characterized by absolute lack of insulin due to damaged pancreas, dependent on insulin injections, genetic, environmental or maybe acquired
• Type II Diabetes


  More common, 90-95% of all person with obesity and diet, possible cause include impaired insulin secretion and increased hepatic glucose production, usually in older and overweight persons
• Risk Factors for Type II Diabetes

  • Family history
  • Overweight and obesity
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Hypertension
• Complications of Diabetes


  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Chronic renal disease
  • Blindness/retinopathy
  • CAD/Stroke
  • Foot ulcers
• Screening for Diabetes Mellitus


  Ask the patient for symptoms, Fasting blood sugar, 2 hours post prandial test
• Prevention of Diabetes


  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • Maintain body weight and prevent obesity
  • Promote regular exercise
  • Smoking cessation
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  Major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide, 4th leading cause of mortality, disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases
• Causes and Risk Factors of COPD

  Smoking is the primary cause, usually due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, age
• Primary Symptoms and Diagnosis of COPD

  Cough, Sputum production, Dyspnea
• Complications of COPD


  • Respiratory failure
  • Cardiovascular disease
• Bronchial Asthma


  Chronic disease, inflammatory disorder of the airways, episodes are reversible spontaneously or by treatment