DVP - Chapter 6

• The relatively consistent blend of

  emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that

  makes a person unique.

  Personality
• Subjective reactions to experience that are

  associated with physiological and behavioral changes.

  Emotions
• Beginning in the 2nd month, newborn

  infants gaze at their parents and smile at them,

  signaling positive participation in the relationship.

  Social Smiling
• Infant smiles at an object and

  then gazes at an adult while still smiling.

  Anticipatory Smiling
• Emotions, such as

  embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on

  self-awareness.

  Self-Conscious Emotions
• Realization that one’s existence and

  functioning are separate from those of other people and

  things.

  Self-Awareness
• Emotions, such as pride,

  shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness

  and knowledge of socially accepted standards of

  behavior.

  Self-Evaluative Emotions
• Activity intended to help another

  person with no expectation of reward.

  Altruistic Behavior
• Ability to put oneself in another person’s

  place and feel what the other person feels.

  Empathy
• Neurons that fire when a person

  does something or observes someone else doing the

  same thing.

  Mirror Neurons
• Characteristic disposition, or style of

  approaching and reacting to situations.

  Temperament
• Children with a generally happy

  temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a

  readiness to accept new experiences.

  Easy Children
• Children with irritable

  temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense

  emotional responses.

  Difficult Children
• Children whose

  temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant

  about accepting new experiences.

  Slow-to-Warm-Up Children
• Appropriateness of environmental

  demands and constraints to a child’s temperament.

  Goodness of Fit
• Significance of being male or female.

  Gender
• Socialization process by which

  children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.

  Gender-typing
• Erikson’s first

  stage in psychosocial development, in which infants

  develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects.

  Trust Vs. Mistrust
• Laboratory technique used to

  study infant attachment.

  Strange Situation
• Pattern in which an infant is

  quickly and effectively able to obtain comfort from an

  attachment figure in the face of distress.

  Secure Attachment
• Pattern in which an infant rarely

  cries when separated from the primary caregiver and

  avoids contact on their return.

  Avoidant Attachment
• Pattern in which

  an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver

  leaves, is extremely upset during their absence, and both

  seeks and resists contact on their return.

  Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment
• Pattern in

  which an infant, after separation from the primary

  caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or

  misdirected behaviors on their return.

  Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment
• Wariness of strange people and

  places, shown by some infants during the second half of

  the 1st year.

  Stranger Anxiety
• Distress shown by someone,

  typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaf.

  Seperation Anxiety
• Process by which infant and

  caregiver communicate emotional states to each other

  and respond appropriately.

  Mutual Regulation
• The synchronized

  coordination of behavior and affect between a caregiver

  and an infant.

  Interactional Synchrony
• Experimental methodology in

  which a parent first interacts typically with their child,

  then keeps their face still and expressionless, and then

  ends with a return to typical behavior; used to

  demonstrate interactional synchrony.

  Still-Face Paradigm
• Understanding an ambiguous

  situation by seeking another person’s perception of it.

  Social Referencing
• Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative

  mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.

  Self-Concept
• Erikson’s

  second stage in psychosocial development, in which

  children achieve a balance between self-determination

  and control by others.

  Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt
• Development of habits, skills, values,

  and motives shared by responsible, productive members

  of a society.

  Socialization
• During socialization, process by which

  children accept societal standards of conduct as their

  own.

  Internalization
• A child’s independent control of

  behavior to conform to understood social expectations.

  Self-Regulation
• Internal standards of behavior, which

  usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional

  discomfort when violated.

  Conscience
• Kochanski’s term for

  obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of

  signs of ongoing parental control.

  Situational Compliance
• Kochanski’s term for

  wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders without

  reminders or lapses.

  Commited Compliance
• Kochanski’s term for eager

  willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in

  daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene,

  and play.

  Receptive Cooperation
• Action taken deliberately to

  endanger another person, involving potential bodily

  injury.

  Physical Abuse
• Failure to meet a dependent’s basic needs.

  Neglect