DVP - Chapter 8

• Sense of self; descriptive and

  evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.

  Self-Concept
• Cluster of characteristics used to

  describe oneself.

  Self-Definition
• The self-one actually is.

  Real Self
• The self-one would like to be.

  Ideal Self
• Any mental or physical condition making

  it difficult for a person to do certain activities and

  interact with the world around them.

  Disability
• The judgment a person makes about

  their self-worth.

  Self-Esteem
• emotions involved in the regulation

  of social behavior that require self-awareness and the

  understanding of others’ viewpoints.

  Social Emotions
• Erikson’s third stage in

  psychosocial development, in which children balance

  the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing

  so.

  Initiative Vs. Guilt
• Awareness, developed in early

  childhood, of one’s gender.

  Gender Identity
• Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills,

  and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each

  sex; differ for males and females.

  Gender Roles
• Socialization process by which

  children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.

  Gender Typing
• Preconceived generalizations

  about male or female role behavior.

  Gender Stereotypes
• Individuals whose gender

  identity (a social and psychological construct) is

  different from their sex (a biological construct).

  Transgender
• Individuals born with sexual or

  reproductive anatomical variations not typical for male

  or female bodies.

  Intersex
• The feeling of psychological

  distress experienced by individuals when there is a

  mismatch between gender identity and biological sex.

  Gender Dysphoria
• Darwin’s theory that

  gender roles developed in response to men’s and

  women’s differing reproductive needs.

  Theory of Sexual Selection
• In Freudian theory, the process by

  which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs,

  attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the

  same sex.

  Identification
• Awareness that one will always

  be male or female; also called sex-category constancy.

  Gender Constancy
• Theory, proposed by Bem,

  that children socialize themselves in their gender roles

  by developing a mentally organized network of

  information about what it means to be male or female

  in a particular culture.

  Gender-Schema Theory
• Albert Bandura’s expansion

  of social learning theory; holds that children learn

  gender roles through socialization.

  Social Cognitive Theory
• Play involving repetitive large

  muscular movements.

  Functional Play
• Play involving use of objects or

  materials to make something.

  Constructive Play
• Play involving imaginary people or

  situations; also called pretend play, fantasy play, or

  imaginative play.

  Dramatic Play
• Organized games with

  known procedures and penalties.

  Formal Games
• Tendency to select playmates of

  one’s own gender.

  Gender Segregation
• Methods of molding children’s character

  and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage

  in acceptable behavior.

  Discipline
• Use of physical force with the

  intention of causing pain, but not injury, so as to correct

  or control behavior.

  Corporal Punishment
• Disciplinary techniques

  designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a

  child’s sense of reason and fairness.

  Inductive Techniques
• Disciplinary strategy designed to

  discourage undesirable behavior through physical or

  verbal enforcement of parental control.

  Power Assertion
• Disciplinary strategy that

  involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a

  child.

  Withdrawal of Love
• In Baumrind’s terminology,

  parenting style emphasizing control and obedience.

  Authoritarian Parenting
• In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation.

  Permissive Parenting
• In Baumrind’s terminology,

  parenting style blending respect for a child’s

  individuality with an effort to instill social values.

  Authoritative Parenting