finals imse

• Types of Safety Hazards

  • Biological Hazards
  • Sharps Hazards
  • Chemical Hazards
  • Radioactive
  • Electrical
  • Fire/Explosive
  • Physical
• Biological Hazards


  Infectious agents that can cause bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic infections
• Laboratory Guidelines and Regulations

  • BSI Guidelines
• Transporting Patient Specimen


  1. Characteristic of a Transport Container

  2. Suspected Infectious Specimen- DOT and IATA Rules
• Sharps Hazards


  Needles, lancets, and broken glass that can cause cuts, punctures, or bloodborne pathogen exposure
• Chemical Hazards


  Preservatives and reagents that can cause exposure to toxic, carcinogenic, or caustic agents
• MSDS


  Material Safety Data Sheet that contains information on physical and chemical characteristics, hazards, and safety precautions
• Chemical Labeling


  Labeling chemicals with hazard symbols and descriptions
• Radioactive Waste


  Radioactive materials that must be disposed of according to regulations
• Specimen Preparation and Processing for Serological Test

  1. Simple Dilution

  2. Compound Dilution

  3. Serial Dilution

  4. Precipitation and Agglutination Reaction
• Agglutination


  • Steps in Agglutination Reaction
  • Lattice Formation
  • Types of Agglutination Reaction (Direct, Passive, Reverse-Passive, Agglutination Inhibition)
  • Hemagglutination
  • Coagglutination
  • AHG-Mediated Agglutination
  • Coomb's Test
• The clinical laboratory contains a wide variety of safety hazards, many capable of producing serious injury or life-threatening disease
• To work safely in this environment, clinical laboratorians must learn what hazards exist and the basic safety precautions associated with them, and they must apply the basic rules of common sense required for everyday safety
• In the immunology laboratory, the most significant hazard exists in obtaining and testing patient specimens
• An understanding of the transmission—the chain of infection—of microorganisms is necessary to prevent infection
• Chain of Infection


  Cycle wherein it is the way how to prevent infection connected to a wide variety of microorganism
• Handwashing


  The most powerful technique to break the infection chain
• Handwashing Procedure


  1. Wet hands with warm water

  2. Apply anti-microbial soap

  3. Rub to form a lather, create friction and loosen debris

  4. Thoroughly clean between fingers, including thumbs, under fingernails and rings, and up to the wrist, for at least 20 Seconds

  5. Rinse hand in Downward Position

  6. Dry with paper towel

  7. Turn off the faucets with a clean paper towel to prevent recontamination
• Universal Precautions (UP)


  • Wearing of gloves when collecting or handling blood and other body fluids contaminated with blood
  • Wearing face shields when there is danger of blood splashing on mucous membranes
  • Disposing of all needles and sharp objects in puncture resistant containers
• Body Standard Isolation (BSI)

  • Personnel should always wear gloves at all times when encountering moist body substances
  • Considered all body fluids and moist substances to be potentially infectous
• Standard Precautions


  • Handwashing
  • Gloves
  • Mask, eye protection and face shields
  • Gown
  • Patient care equipment
  • Environmental control
  • Linen
  • Occupational health and Blood-borne pathogens
  • Patient Placement
• Characteristic of a Transport Container

  • Watertight primary containers made of glass, metal, or plastic with a positive (screw-on) cap
  • Wrapped with enough absorbent material to absorb all contents
  • Multiple specimens wrapped individually before placing in leak-proof secondary container
  • Secondary container placed in sturdy outer container
  • Ice packs placed between secondary and outer container
• Suspected Infectious Specimen- DOT and IATA Rules

  Labeling of outer container as "UN 3373 Biological Substance category B"
• Sharps Hazards


  • Never manually recap needles
  • Dispose of all sharps in puncture-resistant, labeled containers with biohazard symbol
• Chemical Hazards


  • Take precautions to avoid getting chemicals on body, clothes, and work area
  • Wear PPE
  • Observe strict labeling practices
  • Follow instructions carefully
  • Never mix chemicals unless specific instructions are followed
• MSDS


  Contains information on physical and chemical characteristics, hazards, and safety precautions
• Chemical Labeling


  Chemicals must be labeled with hazard symbols and descriptions
• Radioactive Waste


  • Regulated by Nuclear Regulatory Commission
  • Separated from other waste and stored until background count is reduced
  • Iodine 125 or Iodine 131 are most frequently encountered radiolabels
• Specimen Preparation for Serological Test

  1. Blood collected aseptically by venipuncture into clean, dry, sterile tube

  2. Care taken to avoid hemolysis

  3. Serum promptly separated into another tube without transferring a clot
• The amount of radioactivity present in most medical situations is very small and represents little danger
• Exposure to radiation


  Dependent on the combination of time, distance, and shielding
• Disposal of radioactive waste is regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
• Disposal of radioactive waste

  1. Separated from other waste materials in the laboratory

  2. Stored in a locked, labeled room

  3. Until the background count is reduced by a specified number of half-lives
• Iodine 125 or Iodine 131

  Most frequently encountered radio label
• We need to undergo it using Tritiated Hydrogen or 3H
• We must also take the symbol for the radioactive symbols
• Blood collection


  1. Collected aseptically by venipuncture

  2. Into a clean, dry, sterile tube
• Care must be taken to avoid hemolysis, since this may produce a false positive test
• Serum separation


  1. Promptly separated into another tube

  2. Without transferring any cellular elements
• Fresh, non-heat inactivated serum is usually recommended for testing