I. Plant and Flower Parts

• Plants are one of the most essential living organisms on earth
• They produce oxygen which is crucial for the survival of living organisms
• Trees provide shelter to animals and are also known for their medicinal benefits
• Different parts of plants have different roles to perform
• They act as a source of food and oxygen and maintain the ecological balance
• Shoot system


  The part of the plant that appears above the ground level
• Root system


  The part of the plant which lies underneath the soil
• Main parts of a plant

  • Roots
  • Stem
  • Leaves
  • Flowers
  • Fruits
• Roots


  • Anchor the plant firmly in the soil
  • Absorb water and minerals from the soil
  • Synthesise plant growth regulators
  • Store reserve food material
• Stem


  • Provides a definite framework and structure to a plant
  • Transports water and minerals from the root and prepared food from leaves to other parts of the plant
  • Stores prepared food in the form of starch
  • Helps in reproduction through vegetative propagation
  • Bears flowers and produces fruits
• Leaves


  • Contain chlorophyll that helps the plants to prepare their food using sunlight, carbon dioxide and water
  • Play a crucial role in the removal of excess of water from plants through tiny pores called stomata
  • Help in reproduction in some plants
• Flowers


  • Petals attract insects and birds
  • Sepals protect the flower buds from damage
  • Stamens are the male part
  • Pistil is the female part
• Fruits


  • Matured ovary that develops after fertilisation
  • Some fruits are developed without fertilization and are known as parthenocarpic fruits
• parts of a leaf

  A) TIp

  B) Middib

  C) Veins

  D) Lamina

  E) Petiole

  
• parts of a plant

  A) flower

  B) fruit

  C) leaf

  D) stem

  E) root

  
• Plants


  Living organisms that need to reproduce to pass on their genes to future generations
• Methods of plant reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction
  • Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction


  Requires genetic material from two parents, produces offspring not genetically identical to either parent
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

  1. Pollination

  2. Fertilization

  3. Seed production
• Flower parts


  • Sepals (protect flower before opening)
  • Petals (modified leaves, usually colourful)
  • Stamens (male sex organs, contain pollen)
  • Carpel (female sex organ, contains ovary and ovules)
• Self-pollination


  Plant's own pollen fertilizes its own ovules
• Cross-pollination


  Wind or animals move pollen from one plant to another
• Pollinators


  Animals that carry pollen between plants, including insects, birds, and mammals
• Fertilization


  Male gametes from pollen join with female gametes in the egg (ovule)
• Fruit


  Contains seeds, can be fleshy or dry, attractive food for animals that disperse the seeds
• Asexual reproduction


  Only requires DNA from one parent, produces genetically identical offspring (clones)
• Methods of asexual reproduction

  • Vegetative propagation (bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes, stolons)
  • Fragmentation
• Vegetative propagation


  New plants grow from parts of the parent plant, like bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes, or stolons
• Fragmentation


  New plants grow from small parts of the parent plant that fall to the ground
• Propagating from cuttings


  Horticulturists use asexual reproduction by cutting off a leaf or stem and placing it in water or soil to grow a new plant
• parts of a flower

  A) pistal

  B) stigma

  C) style

  D) ovary

  E) petal

  F) ovules/eggs

  G) sepal

  H) stamen

  I) anther

  J) pollen

  K) filament