PR1

• Methodology contains


  • Context and participants
  • Instrument used
  • Data gathering procedure
  • Data analysis
• Method


  Techniques used to gather and generate data
• Research Design


  Plan which structured the study
• Common Research Designs


  • Phenomenological Study
  • Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study
  • Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
• Locale


  Place or environment where the study is being conducted
• Participants


  Number / characteristics or description of participants involved
• Sampling for research


  Selecting portion or segment from the population
• Population


  Persons or objects that possess common characteristics
• Groups of Population


  • Target Population (entire group)
  • Accessible Population (portion with reasonable access)
• Subjects


  Individuals or entities which serve as focus of the study
• Respondents / Participants


  Serve as sources of information during data collection
• Elements


  Subjects / elements may be referred to as elements, which are objects rather than people
• Types of Sampling


  • Probability Sampling (Scientific Sampling)
  • Non-probability Sampling (Non-scientific Sampling)
• Subtypes of Probability Sampling

  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Stratified Random Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling
  • Systematic Sampling
• Subtypes of Non-probability Sampling


  • Convenience Sampling
  • Quota Sampling
  • Purposive Sampling
• Data Gathering


  Presents the details on how the data were collected
• Data Analysis


  Presents how the data are analyzed by coding scheme
• Research Method and Design should contain

  • Short description of study
  • Research method and explanation
  • Research design and explanation
  • Rationalization of research design
• Sampling Technique should contain

  • Total population
  • Qualifying criteria of participants
  • Profiles of subjects / participants
  • Sample and statistics (if any)
  • Sampling method and explanation
  • Explanation on how sampling was done
• Qualitative Research


  Focuses on less hard numerical data and more on abstract information
• Main Methods of Qualitative Research

  • Individual Interviews
  • Group Interviews
  • Observations
  • Survey and Questionnaires
• Other tools for Qualitative Research

  • Audio recording
  • Video recording
  • Note taking
• Research Instrument


  Tools to gather data
• Ways of developing research instrument

  • Adopting
  • Modify
  • Create Your Own
• Types of Validity


  • Face Validity
  • Content Validity
  • Construct Validity
  • Concurrent Validity
  • Predictive Validity
• Types of Instrument Reliability

  • Test-Retest
  • Internal Consistency
• Informed Consent Form


  Document that explains the objective of the study and extent of participants' involvement
• Analyzing Qualitative Data


  Identification, examination and interpretation of patterns
• Data Analysis Procedure


  • Getting to know the data
  • Entering and organizing data
  • Identifying meaningful patterns and themes
  • Interpreting the data
• Research Instrument contains


  • Instrument used
  • Explanation of the used instrument and how it will answer the questions
  • Distribution of ICF
  • Validation of instrument
• Data Gathering Procedure contains and narrates

  • Before interview (distribution of ICF, validating)
  • During interview (communication mean)
  • After interview (transcription)
• Consequences of Improperly Collected Data

  • Inability to answer question accurately
  • Inability to repeat and validate the study
  • Distorted findings
  • Misleading other researchers
  • Compromising decisions for public policy
  • Causing harm to human and animal subjects
• Data Gathering Procedure


  • Communicate to participants and prepare ICF
  • Schedule your interview
  • Conduct your interview
  • Finalize Everything
• After the interview, give them some gift as act of appreciation
• Transcription of data


  Converting speech to text word for word
• Prepare the following for transcription

  • Recording
  • Observation
  • Note taking
• Unintentional expressions


  May also be shared, added in parenthesis to separate from main answers
• Transcript contains


  • Participant number
  • Date of interview
  • Time of interview
  • Location
  • Code name
• Symbolism


  Add colors to the interpretation based on participant's interview, to represent the answer or the participant itself, with explanation provided
• Qualitative Data Analysis


  Involves identification, examination, interpretation of patterns / themes, unguided by universal rules, with fluid process dependent on the evaluator