Week 11

• Qualitative Research - Focuses on less hard numerical data and more on abstract information
• Main Methods of Qualitative Research - Individual Interviews Group Interviews Observations Survey and Questionnaires
• Individual Interviews - Conversation-like designed to elicit information Must be conducted rigorously, systematically and transparently
• Group Interviews - Conduct with several participants simultaneously More appropriate in society issues or shared experiences
• Observations - To document and analyze behavior and social phenomena Useful in discrepancies between what people say and do
• Survey and Questionnaires - More often used in quantitative study;If in qualitative, it should be open-ended questions
• Research Instrument - Tools to gather data
• Adopting - Utilize an instrument that has been used in well-known institution or reputable publication
• Modify - To change its content based on study
• Validity - Degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
• Face Validity - When it "appears" to measure the variables
• Content Validity - An instrument covers a representative sample or specific elements
• Construct Validity - An instrument measures the variables being studied as a whole
• Concurrent Validity - Able to predict results similar to those tests already validated in the past
• Predictive Validity - Produce results similar to those another instruments that will be employed in the future
• Instrument Reliability - Consistency of the instrument's measures
• Test-Retest - Adminestering an instrument twice to the same group of participants and computing the consistency of the scores
• Internal Consistency - The measure of how well the items in two instruments measure the same construct
• Informed Consent Form - Document that explains the objective of the study and extent of participants' involvement
• (by National Science Foundation 1977) it is unguided by universal rules
• Data Analysis Procedure


  1. Getting to know the data - done by reading and re-reading

  2. Entering and organizing data - done manually or using computers

  3. Identifying meaningful patterns and themes - core of the process of data analysis

  4. Interpreting the data - interpret the results
• Content Analysis - Coding the data through text and label
• Thematic Analysis - Grouping the data according to themes
• Impressions - should be written down to assess the quality of data
• Themes / patterns - serve to explain the findings
• Research Instrument contains


  • Instrument used
  • Explanation of the used instrument and how it will answer the questions
  • Distribution of ICF
  • Validation of instrument
• After interview - transcription
• Before interview - Distribution of ICF;Validating
• During Interview - Communication mean
• Create Your Own


  To formally create your own and undergo validity and reliability test