Q.E 5

• CRIMINOLOGY – is defined as the scientific study of crime
• Rafaelle Garofalo – the term was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor
• Criminology Etiology – an attempt at scientific analysis of causes of crime.
• Sociology of Law – an attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions under which penal or criminal laws develop as a process of formal social control
• Penology – concerned with the rehabilitation and treatment of offenders.
• Norm – any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances
• Deviance – refers to the conduct which the people of a group consider so dangerous or embarrassing or irritating
• Crime –an act or omission against the penal law of the state
• Sin – is an act or omission against the spiritual or divine law
• Harm – for crime to occur, there must be an external consequence or harm.
• Legality – this has two aspects, first the harm must be forbidden for a behavior to be a crime, second a criminal law must not be retroactive or ex post facto law
• Actus reus –this Latin term refers to criminal conduct
• Mens Rea –refers to criminal intent or guilty mind
• Causation –refers to the causal relationship between the legally forbidden harm and the actus reus
• Concurrence –this means that the criminal conduct (actus reus) and the criminal intent (mens rea) must occur together.
• Punishment –there must be a statutory provision for punishment or at least the threat of punishment.
• Motive or Desire – This is the driving force, the reason why the accused committed the crime
• Opportunity – It refers to the time and place of the commission of the crime.
• Instruments – These are tools employed by criminals
• Criminal –refers to any person who commit or omit crime and violates the law.