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• IMD

  • measured deprivation in an area
  • follows 7 different categories including education, health, income and employment
  • employment and income make up most of the overall IMD score - Liverpool has a decile rank of 1 in income deprivation meaning at least 90% of places in England and Wales earn more than people in Liverpool
• REPRESENTATIONS OF A PLACE

  • MAPS - show physical features of a place, quantitative economic data e.g different level of income, can show qualitative data such as types of vegetation- can be misleading e.g out of date
  • FILMS/PHOTOS/ART - visual representations of what places look like, may be biased from person who took picture so misleading. films give sense of place. photos only represent a small snapshot of time
  • STORIES/ARTICLES - written representations describe how a place feels, but may be biased and not show complete picture. newspapers may focus on headline grabbing titles
• QUANTITATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF PLACE

  • STATISTICS - e.g census data gives data about what places are like - population size, average income, crime figures
  • COMPOSITE INDICATORS - combine more than one set of data together such as the IMD giving a broader picture of what a place is like
• LOCAL COMMUNITIES ENGAGEMENT IN A PLACE

  • ELECTIONS - areas most in need of election likely to have little voter turnout - 2018 Liverpools local election, some areas only had a 25% turnout rate
  • COMMUNITY GROUPS - voluntary groups such as charities can allow local people to advocate for change - they raise awareness for groups that are underrepresented
  • SPORTS - engagement can be seen through membership of local sports clubs and recreational societies, aswell as choirs or music groups - may be able to represent place competitively
• LIVED EXPERIENCE

  LENGTH OF RESIDENCE - studentification may be frustrating for local residents as students may not care as much about long term success of an area. older residents may want to cling onto old aspect of a place. language barriers/cultural barriers present for new migrants

  AGE - young vs old people will want different things. young person may perceive rural area as uninteresting while older people view it as peaceful

  ETHNICITY - people from specific ethnic groups may feel disconnected, other groups may have strong nationalist feelings. refugees may finally feel at home
• TOP DOWN APPROACH TO REGENERATION - CONFLICTS

  • plans for regeneration projects most likely to come from large development corporations employed by local and national authorities
  • development corporations consult local people, businesses and community groups
  • development corporations usually have no lived experience in an area they are trying to regenerate - may regenerate areas how other areas have been regenerated and been successful - can use conflicts and protests by community groups - these reactions are common when there is proposal about a large scale housing development.
• NEED FOR REGENERATION

  • CENSUS DATA - gives information about a populations structure - age sex, ethnicity
  • data can show where there are people missing from the population structure and helps local authorities identify demographics they want to attract
  • however census data can be out of date as it is only conducted every 10 years
  • IMD highlights areas that need improving
  • LABOUR FORCE SURVEY IDENTIFIES GAPS IN LABOUR MARKET - e.g region project focusing on manual labour not appropriate is there are low levels of office workers
• LOCAL INTEREST GROUPS DONT ALWAYS AGREE WITH REGENERATION

  • chamber of commerce - local organisations that represent the interests of local businesses. they lobby governments to invest in infrastructure and training that will benefit the wider business community now and in the future
  • trade unions - work to ensure employers consider the rights of workers in relation to pay and working conditions. call for strikes if if companies dont meet demands
  • local interest groups - concerned with preserving or conserving the natural environment or an areas heritage. stop hs2 is a campaign group
• GOVERNMENT POLICIES

  • leisure and sport - Tour de France 2014 started in Yorkshire and has led to a return of many tourists
  • rural diversification
• REBRANDING

  • DEINDUSTRIALISED CITIES HAVE REBRANDED THROUGH REPURPOSING THEIR LANDSCAPE - INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE - some cities use industrial heritage to their advantage. history of an industry in a city can become the focus of a rebrand, agencies sensitively redeveloped Albert docks in Liverpool so original features are still present, yet function is different with new restaurants museums and warehouses
• REBRANDING

  • CREATIVE ARTS - some urban areas move on from industrial past and develop a connection to the arts. agency may use places connection to arts and theatre. canning docks developed as a creative hub with open eye gallery and museum of Liverpool. has attracted different types of investment
  • TOURISM - rebranding can focus on the way tourist view a place which can attract investment and increased spending.
  • GLASGOW - city spend £1.5 million on online and print advertisements
• MEASURING SUCCESS OF REGENERATION - SOCIAL INDICATORS

  • health and life expectancy - improvement in physical + mental health may occur due to - new health facilities e.g gyms or wellness centres, changed types of employment e.g less people doing shift work, food security is improved with higher quality food
  • demographics - growth in population suggests the people are moving into an area due to its popularity or economic opportunities that it offers. younger skilled workers suggests more economic potential
  • education - higher levels pop educational attainment = better jobs
• ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF SUCCESS

  • income - higher levels of income = greater indicator of successful regeneration. greater income = more tax revenue so can invest in healthcare/education
  • poverty - fewer people on lower incomes means more basic human needs have been met
  • EMPLOYMENT - increase employment indicates that regeneration has placed greater economic opportunities for people. places with higher percentages of full-time and permanent employment may experience more economic spending as there is more disposable income
• ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

  • POLLUTION - reduced levels of air pollution can cause peoples general health to improve, and people may want to spend more time outside
  • DERELICT LAND - reduction of amount of derelict land is an indication that regeneration is taking place on brownfield sites. this improves how a place looks and may remove contamination from soil and ground water that has potential to harm wildlife
  • GREEN SPACES - can be an indicator or wilderness, public parks and wetland areas. increased tree coverage e.g afforestation shows attempts to offset any environmental damage
• FACTORS TO THINK ABOUT REGARDING REGENERATION

  • timescales - may take years to look for improvements in regeneration such as educational attainment
  • areas being compared - seeing if a whole area has been improved or just a small area
  • if multiple areas have improved e.g environmental and economic, or only a select few
• DIFFERENT OPINIONS OF LOCAL PEOPLE ON REGENRATION

  • consultation - if consultation took place before regeneration occurs, local people may feel happy with outcome of regeneration. If top down approach has been used/ if locals are evicted etc, regeneration can feel negative
  • timescale - if changes to the urban area occur suddenly, they may not view it positively. they may want to see positive impacts of regeneration instantly and base their opinion of success off this
  • jobs - local people wish to see Industrial regeneration that matches skills sets of people unemployed from deindustrialisation
• RURAL AND URBAN REGEN JUDGES DIFFERENTLY

  • RURAL AREAS- Econ omit growth measured against any environmental costs such as unspoilt landscape, noise pollution and use of natural resources
  • URBAN AREAS - regeneration strategies judged against social indicators such as well being of residents and narrowing gaps on inequality
• LIVED EXPERIENCES AND PEOPLES PERCEPTION OF URBAN REGENERATION

  • LOCAL AUTHORITIES - judge success of regeneration by using statistics such as census data, labour force surveys and IMD. Likely to focus on employment data and long term ability of the area to attract further investment. may seem removed from lived experience of place but authority members may also be local residents working for council as they want to see a difference in the area
  • -LOCAL RESIDENTS - may feel level of affection for where they live and have long term connection of the area.
• LIVED EXPERIENCES AND PEOPLES PERCEPTION OF URBAN REGENERATION

  • LOCAL BUSINESSES - likely to welcome regeneration because it may boost their own businesses e.g may find it easier to recruit skilled workers or it may increase the number and spending power of their customers
  • local businesses who have a long history e.g family run may feel threatened by new businesses as more popular chain stores move into area
• FACTORS AFFECTING VIEWS OF RURAL REGENERATION

  • RENEWABLE ENERGY - renewable energy developments e.g wind/solar farms focus on idea of NIMBYism - people who are in favour of renewable energy but dont want to have it near them. same with housing developments which local residents oppose yet they understand the need for more housing
  • CONSERVATION - conservation of natural spaces can be more contested in rural areas. expectation = rural regen sites should have minimal environmental impact - failing to meet these standards = neg views
  • DERELICT LAND - BROWN SITES BETTER THAN GREEN SITES
• LIVER EXPEIRENCES ON URVAN REGENERATION

  • NATIONAL GOVS - monitor level of internal and international migration to fill the job opportunities in long term. see regen as successful if there is decentralisation + movement of TNC's into areas associated with decline. done have lived experience and regeneration is viewed at a distance in context to wider economy.
• LIVED EXPERIENCE AND PERCEPTION OF RURAL REGENERATION

  • local residents - may have long-standing lived experiences of a place. multiple generations may have lived in the same village e.g where farmland is family owned. may see place change over time so accept regeneration/ have a deep affection for the place as it is so may review regeneration less favourably
  • LOCAL BUSINESSES - welcome regeneration that allows them to expand their market. small rural businesses usually In collaboration and help each other out through businesses ventures or practically. increased competition viewed negatively
• LIVED EXPERIENCE AND PERCEPTION OF RURAL REGENERATION

  • LOCAL AUTHORITIES - usually have a lived experience in the place they work in, likely to think about long-term health of local economy, aswell as traditions and heritage of the place. may feel more confident about using top-down approach than in urban areas as there is a smaller community to deal with
  • NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS - likely to have perceived sense of a rural place than lived experience. may romanticise parts of rural lifestyle e.g 'quaintness' of area rather than practical needs. may try to protect national parks/ environment