perception

• what is sensation


  information we receive through our senses from the

  environment. It is the objective feeling of stimuli.
• what is pereception

  Subjective interpretation & organisation of the sensory information by the brain

  Perception is personal to you& based off past experiences, such as recognising familiar tastes

  & smells
• Visual Cues


  Aspects of our environment, such as movement, that give us clues as to where objects are in relation to each other.
• Visual Constancies


  Our ability to understand that an object is still the same, even if our visual sensation of it is slightly different
• moncular depth cues can be perceived 


  with only 1 eye
• Monocular depth cues-height in plane


  Objects higher in the visual field are perceived as being further away
• Monocular depth cues-Relative Size

  When objects you know are the same size appear to be different sizes, the smaller one is perceived as being further away
• Monocular Depth Cues-Linear Perspective


  Parallel lines appear to come together (converge) the further you look out
• Monocular Depth Cues-Occlusion


  Objects that are behind or blocked by other objects

  are perceived as being further away
• Binocular Depth Cues needs ...

  both eyes
• Binocular Depth Cues-Retinal Disparity


  Our eyes see 2 different images when looking at an object – the closer an object, the bigger the difference between the images
• Binocular Depth Cues-Convergence


  When an object is far away, our eyes relax, when it is near, our eyes come together. The brain interprets the electrical signals from the eye muscles to perceive depth.
• Gregory’s Constructivist Theory of Perception is a 


  Top down theory
• What is Gregory’s Theory about

  Perception is a Construction – We build our perception of the

  world based on educated guesses.

  Inference – What we sense is incomplete, so we fill in the gaps.

  Visual Cues – We base out perceptions on visual cues, which can

  be manipulated to trick our brain – visual illusions.

  The Role of Nurture – Perception becomes more sophisticated as

  we get older.
• Ponzo ilusion


  The line above appears longer than the line below

  
• Müller‐Lyer Illusion


  The line on the left appears smaller than the line on the right

  
• Rubin’s Vase


  Depending on what you focus on, you can see either a vase or 2 faces looking at each other

  
• Necker Cube


  Depending on where you focus, you can make the cube face down & left or up & right

  
• Kanizsa Triangle


  The gaps in the line and circles suggest that a triangle is in front of them ,blocking your view but nothing is there

  
• Ames room


  The back wall is angled & the pattern on the floor distorted to make the room look square when it is actually a trapezium. People standing in each ‘corner’ look different sizes, but one person is just stood further away. They can swap places and appear to shrink/grow.

  
• Size Constancy 


  When an object moves closer to us, we know that they are not getting bigger, they are just moving towards us
• Misinterpreted Depth Cues 


  Perceiving distance when it is not actually there, causing us to scale up/down an object that shouldn’t be.
• Ambiguity


  When there are two or more interpretations of a figure, we can only focus on one at a time.
• Fiction 


  When an image suggests something is there when it really isn’t, our past experiences fill in the gaps.
• What visual illusions does Size constancy link to

  Ames' Room
• What Visual illusions does Misintrepreted Depth cues link to

  Ponzo Illusion

  Muller -Lyer Illusion
• What visual illusion does Ambiguity link to

  Necker Cube

  Rubin's Vase
• What Visual illusion does fiction link to

  Kanisza Triangle
• What is a Perceptual Set

  A tendency to notice or prefer certain aspectsof the sensory environment whilst ignoring others.
• What is Culture

  Perception is affected by the social world around us as our brains become more specialised in processing information that we experience the most & our upbringing within our culture, as we learn perceptual skills from the adults within our culture.
• What is Emotion

  More likely to perceive something ambiguous as aligning with our current mood, e.g. when we are angry, we tend to perceive things in a more negative manner. We also take longer to perceive things that we find unpleasant, as our brains try to block it out.
• Gilchrist & Nesberg study is about 


  Motivation
• Gilchrist & Nesburg-Named study-Aim

  To investigate the effects of food deprivation &motivation on percerption set
• Gilchrist & Nesburg-Named study-Method

  One group went 20 hours without food ,whereas the control group were not deprived of food .Ppts were shown 4 slides of food for 15s each,the projector was turned off and on again ,but with the bightness turned down .For each slide the ppts were asked to adjust the projector back to the same brightness setting
• Gilchrist & Nesburg-Named study-Result 


  Ppts deprived of food adjusted the image to be brighter than the original whereas hose in the control group were a lot more accurate.
• Gilchrist & Nesburg-Named study-Conclusion

  Ppts that were deprived of food were motivated to have the food which made them perceive the image as being brighter & more appealing
• Gilchrist & Nesburg- Strength #1

  S-Independent roups

  C- ppts were only in 1 condition

  W-minimises demand characteristics
• Gilchrist & Nesburg-Weakness#1


  S-Ethical issue

  C-depriving people of food

  W-Study breaks ethical guidelines
• Gilchrist & Nesburg-Weakness #2

  S-Artifical task

  C-pictures of food ,not real food

  W-Limited application to the real world perception
• What is Bruner & Minturn Study about 


  Expectation