Midterm reviewer

• Most complex body system.

  Nervous System
• Brain and Spinal Cord ( Control Center)

  Central nervous system
• Carry the incoming and outgoing signals. Nerves (Cranial and spinal nerves) and Sensory Organs (eyes, nose, ears, tongue, and skin).

  Peripheral nervous system
• (controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands).

  Autonomic
• (arousing)

  Sympathetic
• (calming)

  Parasympathetic
• (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles).

  Somatic
• elongated cylinder of neuron cell bodies, bundles of axons and other cells, protected by connective tissue and bone.

  Spinal cord
• the “on-ramps and off-ramps” that branch out to supply the limbs, torso, and pelvis.

  Spinal nerves
• Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

  Spinal nerves
• sense of smell

  Olfactory nerve
• ability to see

  Optic nerve
• movement of the eyes and blinking

  OCULOMOTOR NERVE
• muscle of the eye for moving up, down, back, and forth

  TROCHLEAR NERVE
• mastication(sensation in the faces, cheeks, and mouth)

  TRIGEMINAL NERVE
• lateral movement of the eye

  ABDUCENS NERVE
• facial expressions and sense of taste

  FACIAL NERVE
• balance and hearing

  VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
• ability to taste and swallow

  GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
• digestion and heart rate

  VAGUS NERVE
• shoulder and neck muscle movement

  ACCESSORY NERVE
• ability to move your tongue

  HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
• conduct impulses toward the cell body

  Dendrites
• conduct impulses away from the cell body

  Axons
• produce a fatty material called Myelin which is a good insulator along the Axon of the Neuron cell.

  Schwann cells
• is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord

  Multiple sclerosis(MS)
• travel across synapses to the other neurons or to target cells, stimulating or inhibiting signals and responses.

  Neurotransmitters
• Involved in regulating mood, emotions, sleep , appetite, and cognitive functions.

  Serotonin
• Associated with reward, motivation, movement, and pleasure. It plays a role in regulating mood, attention, and learning.

  Dopamine
• Involved in various cognitive functions, including learning, memory, and attention. It also plays a role in muscle contraction and movement.

  Acetylcholine
• is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, helping to regulate neural activity and maintain balance

  Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)
• the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and involved in various cognitive functions, learning, and memory.

  Glutamate
• Involved in regulating alertness, arousal, attention, and stress response.

  Norepinephrine
• Commonly known as adrenaline. Involved in the fight-or-flight response. Increasing heart rate, and blood flow, and energy during stressful situations.

  Epinephrine
• stimulate electrical signals in other neurons and encourage responses from body cells.

  Excitatory neurotransmitters
• discourage signals and cellular responses.

  Inhibitory transmitters
• it is capable of complex development, learning, self- awareness, emotion, and creativity.

  Brain
• does the involuntary actions that keep you alive (breathing, circulation, digesting, etc.) responsible in sending and filtering information.

  Brain stem
• goes upwards towards the brain and motion nerves go down to be acted upon by the body.

  Sensory nerves
• handles respiration, digestion, and circulation, and reflexes such as swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.

  Medulla oblangata