ISBB

• IMMUNOLOGY - study of immune system (prevents the establishment if infection in the body)
• SEROLOGY - study of antigen-antibody reactions
• Immunoserology

  • Study of molecules, cells, tissue, organs, and systems whose function is to recognize and dispose harmful substances or foreign substances
  • Study of desirable and undesirable consequences of the immune system
• Serum - most commonly used samples in serological test
• ANTIGEN

  • Also known as FOREIGN SUBSTANCES

  • Stimulate the immune system

  • Substances that induce or elicit an immune response
• ANTIBODIES

  • Also knowns as IMMUNOGLOBULINS

  • One of the major substances produced by the immune system that will block harmful antigen
• Agglutination

  • Antigens involved are particulate
  • Clumping of reactants in serological test
• Precipitation

  • Antigens involved are soluble antigens
  • Liquid form or formation of sediments in the mixture
• VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY TEST (VDRL) - Only use for screening for syphilis, uses heated serum
• ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) –

  • Also known as Enzyme immunoassay

  • Measures enzymatic reactions

  • Uses enzymes as labels
• RAPID PLASMA REAGIN - only use for screening for syphilis, uses unheated serum
• FLUORESCENT IMMUNOASSAY - uses fluorescent compounds known as fluorophores or fluorochrome as labels
• RADIOIMMUNOASSAY - uses radioactive substances as label
• IMMUNE SYSTEM

  • Defending the body against infections

  • Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens

  • Defending the body against the development of tumors
• IMMUNITY

  • The condition of being resistant to infection

  • The recognition of foreign substances and subsequent production of antibodies to these substances
• NATURAL IMMUNITY

  • Innate or non-adaptive or non-specific
  • Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions
  • Present at birth
• ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

  • Adaptive or specific – a reaction resulting from

  invasion of foreign substances
• TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

  • active
  • passive
• Active adaptive immunity has 2 types, what is it?

  • Natural active
  • Artificial active
• Natural Active - the source of that is an infection; being exposed then immune
• Artificial Active (vaccine) - This is when the body is involved in producing antibodies
• Passive adaptive immunity has 2 type, what is it?

  • Natural passive
  • Artificial passive
• Natural Passive -mother’s breastmilk: maternal source
• Artificial Passive

  • commercially prepared; medical-grade; blood donation)
  • The body is supplied with antibodies; the body is given an already-made antibody (from an outside source)
• Types of Innate Immunity

  • Mechanisms involve are non-specific
  • Mechanisms that pre-exist the invasion of foreign agents
  • Components are Pre-formed
  • They are non-adaptive, has a standardized magnitude of response
  • Lacks immunologic memory
• Types of Adaptive Immunity

  • Reinforcement
  • Inducibility
  • Specificity
  • Diversity
  • Memory
  • Specialization
  • Self-limitation
  • Discrimination
• Humoral-Mediated Immunity - Antibody Mediated
• Cell-Mediated Immunity - Cell Mediated
• Humoral-Mediated immunity - B lymphocytes
• Cell-mediated immunity - T lymphocytes
• Humoral-mediated immunity - Antibodies in serum
• Cell-mediated immunity - direct cell-to-cell contact or soluble products secreted by cell
• Humoral-mediated immunity - Primary defense against bacterial infection
• Cell-mediated immunity - Defense against viral and fungal infections, intracellular organism, tumor antigens, and graft rejection
• BLOOD BANKING

  • Refers to the collection, processing, typing and

  storage of whole blood and other blood products

  • Also known as Immunohematology
• Immunohematology - study of immunologic principles applied in blood

  group specific antigen and antibodies
• Forward or Direct Typing - Detection of antigens on patients RBC using known commercial anti-sera
• Reverse or Back Typing - Detection of antibodies in serum of patient with known commercial RBC's suspension
• FOUR TYPES OF BLOOD DONATION

  • Allogenic Donation
  • Directed Donation
  • Autologous Donation
  • Apheresis Donation
• Allogenic Donation

  • Involves donation of blood for the use of general public
  • You do not have a specific patient in mind; anyone who is in need of blood can use that