diseases

• 2 examples of plant diseases

  tabaco mosaic virus, rose black spot virus
• non communicable disease vs communicable disease

  A communicable disease can be spread whereas a non communicable disease cannot spread via contact, air etc
• Malignant cancer vs benign

  Malignant cancer spreads, benign cancer doesn’t spread
• what is your body’s first line of defence to prevent diseases entering the body?

  
• What is antibodies and what are there job?

  Antibodies are proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body. Produced by your immune system, antibodies bind to these unwanted substances in order to eliminate them from your system. Another word for antibody is immunoglobulin.
• What are the 4 pathogens

  viral, fungi, bacteria, parasites
• explain why plants with yellow leaves grow slowly.

  less chlorophyll therefore less photosynthesis therefore less glucose produced therefore less proteins to grow.
• name 3 virus infections

  Tobacco Mosaic Virus, ebola and measles
• 3 types of fungi infections

  athletes foot, ringworm, yeast infections, and Aspergillosis.
• name 3 bacteria diseases


  gonorrhoea, cholera and tuberculosis.
• name 3 protist diseases

  malaria, amoebiasis and toxoplasmosis
• how is the malaria pathogen transferred to humans?

  bites from a mosquito
• how is TMV tabaco mosaic virus spread?

  It is transmitted by contact between plants, either naturally or on the hands of farmers. 
• if a plant is affected with TMV, symptoms include

  stunting, mosaic pattern of light and dark green (or yellow and green) on the leaves and malformation of leaves.
• explain why TMV virus infected plants grow slowly... (key answer for any plant growing question)

  less chlorophyll, therfore reduced photosynthesis, then less glucose produces therfore less proteins to grow.
• what would you see if a plant was infected by rose black spot virus

  black spots and a decaying leaf

  
• what disease is rose black spot?

  fungal disease
• what is a pathogen?

  an organism causing disease to its host,
• name 2 diseases caused by eating fatty foods

  type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease
• What type of pathogen causes malaria?

  protist
• what is the role of white blood cells?


  produce antibodies, engulf pathogens and produce antitoxins
• what are antigens


  Antigens are molecules on the surface of pathogens that trigger the immune system to produce antibodies, which help detect and destroy the invaders. this is because the immune system detects the antigen is foreign and detects it
• what is meant by an antigen being complementary?


  Antibodies are complementary to the specific antigens on pathogens, meaning their shapes fit together, allowing the antibody to bind to the antigen and help neutralize or destroy the pathogen.
• how is hiv spread from person to person?


  sexual intercourse
• What term describes an organism that passes a pathogen from one person to another person?

  vector
• Describe three ways the structure of the malarial protist is different from the structure of a prokaryotic cell. 

  •protists has mitochondria

  • protist has (a) nucleus

  • protist does not have a single loop of DNA / genetic material

  • protist does not have plasmids

  • protist does not have a cell wall 
• Which disease is caused by a fungus?

  rose black spot
• explain why bacteria can be a good thing?

  1. They aid digestion in the gut.

  2. Some produce vitamins like vitamin K.

  3. They help break down organic matter in soil, improving soil quality.

  4. Certain bacteria are used in food production, like making yogurt and cheese.
• Age and gender were two factors controlled in this analysis. Many other factors were also controlled. Suggest two other factors which the scientists would have controlled in a test on liver disease?

  • BMI / morphology / obesity level • smoking habits • diet • medication • family history of liver disease • fitness levels • ethnicity • area of UK they live in
• what is the percentage decrease equation?

  
• what is the percentage increase equation?

  
• The monoclonal antibodies treatment for Candida albicans is now ready for clinical trials on people. Describe how the clinical trials should be carried out.

  • given first to healthy volunteers at (very) low doses, to test it is safe or to test for toxicity or to check for any side effects

  •then to some patients with the disease to test for the correct / optimum dose and to test for efficacy or to test if it works.
• Scientists have also used human lymphocytes to make mAbs. Suggest one reason why these new mAbs have been more successful in treating diseases in humans than mAbs made using mice. 


  the body is less likely to reject the mAbs
• Explain the financial impact on the UK economy of an increasing number of people who are obese.

  costs the NHS more money because they need to pay for additional surgery / medication / hospital stay to treat stroke / diabetes
• Arthritis is a condition that damages joints. Suggest how arthritis could affect a person’s lifestyle. 

  movement issues 
• Name two health conditions that might develop if a person eats a diet high in saturated fat.

  type 2 diabetes CVD / CHD / stroke
• Describe what happens to cells when a tumour forms


  cells divide abnormally / uncontrollably
• what is meant by malignant tumors?

  Malignant tumors have cells that grow uncontrollably and spread locally and/or to distant sites. 
• a student says that benign tumors are not as dangerous as malignant tumors, why?

  Unlike malignant tumors, benign ones do not spread (metastasize) to other organs or tissues.
• what does metastasize mean?

  Metastasize means the process by which cancer cells spread from their original (primary) location to other parts of the body, forming secondary tumors. This occurs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.