L'Histoire

• Hippocrates

  • Hippocratic oath
  • Four Humors
  • Anatomy based off of animals
• Galen

  • Anatomy based off of animals
  • Blood is a fuel made in the liver
  • Roger Bacon imprisoned in 1277 for heresy
  • Theory of opposites
• Ibn Sina (medievial)

  • Wrote the "Canon of medicine" in 1025
  • Listed 760 drugs
  • Built off the work of Galen, didnt copy them
• Medieval Knowledge

  • Gong farmers
  • St Bartholemew hospital in London in 1123
  • Barber Surgeons - amputations, broken bones
  • Apothecaries/Wise Women - herbal remedies (cheaper)
  • Physicians - Uni trained men, 100 in 1300 (expensive)
• John of Arderne (Medival)

  • Survival rate of over 50%
  • Guild of Surgeons - 1368, try make surgery more respected
  • Book "the Practice of Surgery" written in 1350, talked about having good bedside manner
• The Black Death (medieval)

  • Arrived 1348 from Chinese trade ships
  • 30 to 40 % of brits died from it
  • Thought it was caused by God, Jews, Miasma, Astrology
• Renaissance treatments

  • Widely the same as medieval with some challengers
  • Quacks - snake oil salesmen
  • College of Physicians 1518 - made doctors licenses to stop quacks
  • Bloodletting used up until the 1700s
• Hospitals in the renaissance

  • Henry closed monasteries from 1530 onward, so Britain had few hospitals until the 1700s
  • Foundling Hospital 1741 by Coram cared for sick children
  • Doctors had more training
  • By 1800, London hospitals treated 20000 people a year
  • More specialised for different treatments
• Surgery in the renaissance

  • Wine used as antiseptic
  • Company of Barber surgeons 1540, maintained barber surgeon standards
  • Dissections more common
• Key Individual: Pare (renaissance)

  • rose oil, egg yolk, turpentine for gunshot wounds
  • Invented Ligatures to stop blood loss
  • Book "Works on Surgery" taught doctors about what he found
  • Became doctor for the King of France
  • "Father of Surgery"
• Key Individual: Vesalius (renaissance)

  • Dissected criminals who were executed
  • Proved Galen wrong:
  • No holes in septum of the heart
  • Breastbone made of 3 parts, not 7
  • Book "The fabric of the human body" had detailed diagrams of different systems in the body
  • Book used by Barber surgeons
  • "Father of modern human anatomy"
• Key Indiviual: Harvey (renaissance)

  • Proved Galen wrong; blood was pumped and recycled
  • Book "On the motion of the Heart" mapped how the body works properley (fuck galen)
  • Ignored at first (literally all of them were)
• Key individual: Hunter (renaissance)

  • 2000 dissected bodies in 12 years (what the fuck)
  • 1785 found that you can tie off an aneurysm so u dont die
  • Trained jenner
  • Taught us that gunshot wounds werent poisonous
• Public Health: The great plague (renaissance)

  • Trade with infected towns was stopped
  • Quarantine at home for infected people, infected houses marked
  • Plague doctors had herbs in the mask to block miasma
  • Kill stay cats and dogs
• Smallpox and Jenner (rennaisance)

  • 1796 8yr old James Phipps injected with cowpox pus
  • 6 weeks later injected with smallpox pus and was fine
  • 1797 wrote to the Royal Society, but he needed more proof
  • Tested on his 11 month old son, he was fine
  • People didnt like it cuz of religion and jenner didnt know why it worked
  • 1840 - vaccine made free for infants
  • 1853 - made compulsary
  • 1871 - fines for not vaccinating children
  • 1980 - bye bye smallpox
• Hospitals in the 1800s

  • Hospitals set up alongside medical schools, example is Kings College Hospitals to train doctors
  • Not as clean in the early 1800s
  • Nursing was NOT respected (L bozo)
• Key Individual: Nightingale

  • Worked during the Crimean war
  • Said to boil sheets, keep things clean, good food, because of Miasma Theory
  • Cut the death rate to 2 percent in 6 months
  • "Lady with the Lamp"
  • 1856 - gave the queen a 800 page report on what needs to change in hospitals
  • 1860 - "Notes for Nursing" and set up a training school for nurses
• Surgery in the 1800s

  • More regulation
  • 1811 - All surgeons had to attend a course in surgery and anatomy
  • 1813 - you need 1 year in a hospital to become a surgeon
  • 1799 - Nitrous Oxide
  • 1847 - Chloroform
  • 1861 - Germ Theory
  • 1865 - Carbolic Acid
• Key Individual: Simpson (1800s)

  • 1847 - huffing chemicals with his mates, knocked over some chloroform and the fumes knocked them all out. Then published it
  • Used by some, disliked when 15 year old Hannah Greener died from it
  • Liked again when Queen Victoria used it during childbirth "Blessed Chloroform"
• Key Individual: Lister (1800s)

  • Wanted to find a chemical barrier
  • Found Carbolic Acid (previously used to treat sewage)
  • 1865 - used it on a boy who got ran over, it worked
  • Death rate in surgery went from 46 to 15 percent in 3 years
  • 1871 - Machine sprays it all over the room, invention of aseptic surgery
• Public Health in the 1800s

  • Industrial Revolution made everyone move into towns, became cramped and poor QOL
  • Few health and safety regulations at work
  • Waste often thrown into rivers
  • Average living age of labourers was 16 (45 for the rich)
  • 57 percent of children died before the age of 5
• Public Health: Cholera (1800s)

  • 1831 - 50000 died
  • Outbreaks in 1848, 1853 and 1865
• Key Individual: Chadwick (1800s)

  • 1842 report on poverty and health
  • Suggested the government pass laws for proper sewage systems
  • 10000 free copies of the report given to people who could influence public opinion
  • Lead to the 1848 Public Health Act
• 1848 Public Health Act

  • Chadwicks report pressured the government to do this
  • First of its kind, set up a Board of Health
  • Some towns like Leeds improved facilities
  • Reluctantly passed
  • Local councils didnt have to follow it
  • 1858 - Board of Health dismantled
• Key Individual: Snow (1800s)

  • Found all the victims of cholera in Broad Street, Soho, got their water from the same pump
  • He then removed that pump, and people stopped dying
  • This proved the link between dirty water and cholera
  • Snows report helped lead to the 1875 Public Health act
• 1875 Public Health Act

  • 1858 Great Stink and Snows Report lead to the health act
  • Forced Councils to appoint health inspectors to make sure laws on hygiene were followed
  • People were still sick and dying though
• Germ Theory: Pasteur (1800s)

  • Asked to investigate why alcohol turned sour and proved that germs do not come alive on their own
  • Published Germ Theory in 1861, wasnt accepted till 1866
  • Made vaccines for anthrax and rabies
• Germ Theory: Robert Koch (1800s)

  • Microbe Hunting - used Pasteurs work to link specific diseases to their microbes that caused them
  • Encouraged many others to become microbe hunters, which lead to more life saving vaccines
  • 1882 - Tuberculosis bacteria
  • 1883 - Cholera bacteria
• Modern Treatments: Big Pharma

  • 1899 - Aspirin
  • 1921 - Insulin
  • Costs alot to develop new drugs
  • 1950s - Thalidomide (n)
• Key Individual: Erhlich (Modern)

  • Fascinated by the ability for us to produce anti bodies and wanted to make a chemical version
  • 1910 - First "Magic Bullet" Salvarson 606 (treated syphilis)
• Penicillin, Key Individual: Fleming

  • you know how it went, just remember the germs that were killed were staphylococcus germs
  • Results published in 1929
• Penicillin, Key Individual: Florey and Chain

  • 1940 - Tested Penicillin on 8 sick mice and they got better
  • 1941 - Tested on a police man dying from blood poisoning, he died when they ran out
  • 1945 - 250000 soldiers treated with it, 15 percent of which would have died
  • Since saved over 200 million lives
  • All 3 got a nobel peace price
• Surgery and blood loss (Modern)

  • 1901 - Blood groups discovered by Landsteiner
  • 1914 - Add sodium citrate and glucose to stop blood from clotting, found by Hustin
• Impact of WWI on surgery (1900s)

  • 1895 - Xrays let doctors find shrapnel and bullets in bodies
  • Gillies set up a skin transplant unit and treated over 5000 men
• Impact of WWII on surgery (1900s)

  • Mcindoe did plastic surgery on airmen in his "Guinea Pig Club"
  • Penicillin produced for soliders and then the public
• Public Health (Modern 1900s)

  • Beveridge Report talked about the 5 giants: want, disease, ignorance, squalor, idleness
  • This lead to the
  • 1945 - Family allowance act gave a small payment for children
  • 1948 - Bevin set up the NHS
  • 1956 - Clean Air act imposed smokeless areas