the changing economic world

• what economic indicators do we use to measure development?

  • GDP per capita
  • literacy rates
  • access to safe water
  • political stability and security
• what social indicators can we use to measure development?

  • Health (Number of people per doctor)
  • Education (Percentage of adults who are literate)
  • Diet (Number of calories consumed per person per day)
  • Life expectancy (Average age people are expected to live to)
  • Infant mortality (Number of children per 1,000 born who die before the age of one)
  • Population change (Number of babies born per 1,000 women per year)
• what are limitations to using economic indicators to measure development?

  • do not take any account of people's quality of life
  • tend to be per person / are an average figure so do not allow for extremes of wealth and poverty
• what are limitations to using social indicators to measure development?

  figures may disguise inequalities within a country
• what is HDI?

  Human Development Index
• What is the demographic transition model?

  It shows how birth rate and death rate have influenced the total population of a place and changed over the years
• how does the demographic transition model link to development?


  shows how the population of a country changes over its development
• Physical causes of uneven development:

  • Warm climates -> diseases e.g. malaria or dengue fever = more common, reduces workforce, limits economic growth
  • Natural disasters can cause deaths, are expensive to recover from infrastructurally
  • Water Insecurity can cause sickness, death, and reduced agricultural production
  • Landlocked countries -> limited trade
• Economic causes of uneven development:

  • The cycle of poverty -> poor economy = reduced investment into vital sectors e.g. healthcare / education, resulting in a depleted workforce (sickness or unskilled workforce), and therefore less money goes into the economy
  • If countries are also in debt, the situation will only worsen
  • Global trading systems -> Trade happens all over world but most of the trade systems are controlled by HICs or (TNCs)
• Historical causes of uneven development:

  • Colonialism
• consequences of uneven development

  • health : many (LICs) cannot access safe, clean water and sanitation -> can lead to higher incidences of disease and lower life expectancies.
  • wealth: estimated that richest 10% of world's population receives 52% of global income and poorest 50% receives 8% of global income
  • migration: higher rates of migration -> People migrate for many different reasons, usually as a result of push and pull factors
• Investment

  Investing in lower-income countries, through foreign companies and organizations, brings money, jobs, and knowledge, boosting economic growth
• Industrial development and tourism

  Tourism brings money, creates jobs, improves infrastructure, and benefits businesses and sectors economically, industries like manufacturing provide jobs and boost income and the economy
• Aid


  Providing aid involves one country giving support to another country, which can take various forms such as financial assistance for development projects or emergency relief in response to natural disasters
• Fairtrade


  Many farmers in LICs are paid very low wages -> they can't escape poverty -> gives farmers a better chance in life
• how has the growth of tourism in kenya helped to reduce the development gap?

  • Tourism is now 15% of Kenya's exports and has created 1.1 million jobs in Kenya.
  • Tourism is worth 8.8% of Kenya's GNI.
  • Sustainable hunting and sustainable forestry can be supported by the fees that tourists pay to enter Kenyan national parks, like the Maasai Mara National Park.
  • Kenya's HDI has risen from 0.467 in 1990 to 0.579 in 2018
• Debt relief


  Like financial aid, but it's specifically about getting rid of big debts that countries have accumulated
• Microfinance loans


  Smaller loans given to individuals at a local level to support development, such as subsistence farmers using the money to escape poverty