applications

• What are the applications for Raine 1?

  1. PET scans to identify early intervention

  • WHY: Raine's study used PET scanners to compare brain activity in murderers and non-murderers. He found that murderers had lower activity in the frontal cortex and higher activity in the amygdala.
  • HOW: Scan the brain to identify which individuals are more likely to commit violent crimes. Those with lower activity in the pre-frontal cortex and higher activity in the amygdala, hippocampus and thalamus should be identified as high risk of criminal behaviour
• What are the applications for Raine 2?

  2. Nutrition for newborns and children

  • WHY: Raine found that children given omega-3 fish oil had a 42% reduction in aggressive and anti-social behaviour compared to before they took it
  • HOW: Primary schools can send leaflets out to parents encouraging it and explaining its benefits
• What were the applications for Hall & Player: 1

  1. Blind examination

  • WHY: Hall and Player found that experts said they felt more influenced by context in the high context group and H+P concluded that reports may be surplus of what is required
  • HOW: Give forensic experts only what is required. Remove all context leaving only the fingerprint or a biological sample
• What were the applications for Hall & Player: 2

  1. Blind verification

  • WHY: Charlton found that this can minimise the risk of confirmation bias by minimising motivating factors such as satisfaction of crime solving
  • HOW: Get an independent examiner to check materials without knowing the conclusions of the first examiner. This increases inter-rater reliability as it makes sure 2 people independently give their decisions
• What were the applications

  PEACE interview technique

  WHY: Walsh and Bull found that skilled PEACE interviews were associated with the securing of a full witness accounts

  HOW:

  - P- planning and preparation- Making a list of points that need to be covered for an offense to have been committed. Defines the purpose of the interview

  - E- engage and explain- Develop a rapport with the witness and explain the interview process, procedure and purpose. This ensures the witness is comfortable

  - A- account- interviewer obtains the witness' full account without interruptions and after uses questioning techniques

  - C- closure- Ensures the interview has ended in a good way so the witness will feel comfortable speaking again

  - E- evaluation- evaluate all the information and make sure its everything needed
• What were the applications(Dixon)?

  1. The defence team prepare the defendant

  • WHY: Stewart found that suspects who were found attractive were given a lesser sentence
  • HOW: Adjust presentation (haircut, no jewellery, professional clothing, cover-up tattoos etc)

  2. Prosecution/Defence prepare witness

  • WHY: Pedrod and Cutler found that witness confidence is important in whether the jury believes them or not
  • HOW: familiarise them with the court beforehand, explain the procedures on the day, do a practice questioning session with them
• What are the applications(Wilson&Kelling)?

  1. Police foot patrol

  • WHY: Broken windows theory. If there is an increase in foot patrol then there will be a decrease in disorder which will prevent isolation and therefore petty and serious crime
  • HOW: Officers should be assigned to communities where they can make a difference

  2. Zero tolerance policy

  • WHY: broken windows theory. Petty crime can lead to serious crime
  • HOW: challenge any disorder in society so even petty crimes are dealt with
• What are the applications (Haney)?

  1. Restorative justice

  • WHY: Strang found that restorative justice reduces the frequency of subsequent crimes among those offenders who are willing to take part
  • HOW: Both the victim and offender must agree. They meet with trained officials and support for each side. The offender usually apologises and offers to make amends for what was done. The victim has a chance to speak and ask questions.
• What are the applications (Black&Black)?

  1. CBT (individual)

  • WHY: Leventhall found that this was successful in increasing coping strategies for sufferers of low-frequency noise.
  • HOW: The CBT would involve imagined exposure, general stress management and coping skills in 6 two hour group sessions

  2. Changing the situation

  • WHY: remove the stimuli which is stressing the person
  • HOW: move location, wearing ear plugs, insulating
• What were the applications (Czeisler)?

  1. (For jet lag) Drugs

  • HOW: take melatonin tablets to fall asleep
  • WHY: melatonin is a neurotransmitter produced by the pineal gland which, when released makes us feel tired

  2. (For shift work) Schedule changes

  • HOW: rotate shift workers in a phase delay rotation every 21 days
  • WHY: Czeisler found that workers prefer a phase delay rotation compared to a phase advance rotation as they had fewer complaints and got better sleep
• What were the applications(Drews&Doig)?

  1. Feng Shui

  • WHY: Dazkir and Read found that room designs using curvilinear furniture received higher pleasure and approach ratings than rectilinear furniture
  • HOW: use curvilinear furniture in offices

  2. Size and space of furniture

  • WHY: Okken found that ppnts reported being more at ease in a large room with a large desk
  • HOW: Design the office to follow this
• What were the applications (Lord): Part 1?

  1. Normative messages

  • HOW: Tell people that others are recycling or performing conservation behaviours. Use messages such as "Join us/Join your neighbours"
  • WHY: Cialdini found that in a hotel which encouraged guests to reuse towels a card saying "Join your fellow citizens in helping to save the environment" lead to 41% recycled towels- fitting in to social norms
• What were the applications (Lord): Part 2?

  2. Educational programmes

  • HOW: lessons or courses to educate people on the negative impacts on human health of not recycling
  • WHY: Sunblad found that it was the level of knowledge about the human health consequences of climate change that contributed to how worried people were about climate change
• What were the applications(Ulrich)?

  1. Lower building height and architectural variation

  • WHY: Lindal and Hartig found that when participants were presented with computer generated images of streets those with greater architectural variation and lower building height were seen as the most restorative
  • HOW: Architectural planning

  2. Views of natural setting

  • WHY: Kahn found that ppnts with a view of a natural setting showed faster stress recovery rates than those with a view of curtains or a plasma screen showing the same view from the natural window.
  • HOW: Plant lots of trees in the community
• What were the applications(Wells)?

  1. Personalisation of office space

  • HOW: Encourage personalisation in the workplace by announcing this at a meeting and provide funding for employees to purchase items for personalisation
  • WHY: Wells found there was a significant positive correlation with personalisation and employee well-being

  2. Office Design- private offices

  • HOW: Allow employees to have their own private office
  • WHY: Hot desking was found to be not favourable, causing lack of motivation and stress due to lack of control