Expt. 3

• Pharmaceutical products undergo several quality tests including their purity before they will become available in the market.
• The contaminants may form byproduct that may have possible toxicities or adverse reactions. Several methods of purification include recrystallization, sublimation and extraction.
• Crystallization

  • The process of forming a crystalline material form a liquid, gas or amorphous solid.
• Crystallization

  • The crystals thus formed have highly regular internal structure, the basis of which is called the crystal lattice.
• Sublimation

  • The process of transition of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without passing through the liquid state.
• Sublimation

  • To separate mixtures that contain a sublimate with volatile component from a non sublimate impurity, the sublimation process is used.
• Extraction

  • A process in which one or more compounds are separated selectively from a liquid or solid mixture.
• Extraction

  • The first step to separate the desired natural products from the raw materials.
• Extraction

  • Maceration
  • Percolation
  • Decoction
  • Reflux extraction
  • Soxhlet extraction
• MACERATION

  • A very simple extraction method with the disadvantage of long extraction time and low extraction efficiency.
• PERCOLATION

  • A more efficient technique than maceration because it is a continuous process in which the saturated solvent is constantly being replaced by fresh solvent.
• DECOCTION

  • A process in which crude drug is boiled in a specific volume of water for a defined time.
• DECOCTION

  • Contains a large amount of water-soluble impurities.
• DECOCTION

  • Decoction cannot be used for the extraction of volatile components.
• REFLUX EXTRACTION

  • A solid liquid extraction process at a constant temperature with repeatable solvent evaporation and condensation for a particular period of time without the loss of solvent.
• REFLUX EXTRACTION

  • More efficient than percolation or maceration and requires less extraction time and solvent. It cannot be used for the extraction of volatile natural products.
• SOXHLET EXTRACTION

  • Integrates the advantages of the reflux extraction and percolation, which utilizes the principle of reflux to continuously extract the herb with fresh solvent.
• SOXHLET EXTRACTION

  • An automatic continuous extraction method with high extraction efficiency that requires less time and solvent consumption than maceration and percolation.
• Salicylic acid

  • White
• Salicylic acid

  • crystalline powder
• Salicylic acid

  • odorless to slight phenolic odor
• Salicylic acid

  • soluble in alcohol, ether, BW
• Salicylic acid

  • Sparingly soluble in chloroform
• Salicylic acid

  • FeCl3 Test - purple color
• Salicylic acid

  • Keratolytic agent
• Salicylic Acid

  • It works by increasing the amount of moisture in the skin and dissolving the substance that causes the skin cells to stick together This makes it easier to shed the skin cells.
• Salicylic Acid

  • It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions
• Salicylic Acid

  • Topical salicylic acid is also used to treat skin conditions that involve scaling or overgrowth of skin cells
• Benzoic acid

  • White (or colorless)
• Benzoic acid

  • crystalline powder
• Benzoic acid

  • odorless to slight benzaldehyde odor
• Benzoic acid

  • slightly soluble in water
• Benzoic acid

  • FeCl3 Test - buffered colored ppt
• Benzoic Acid

  • Expectorant
• Benzoic Acid

  • Analgesic
• Benzoic Acid

  • Antiseptic
• Coconut oil

  • light yellow / slightly yellowish
• Coconut oil

  • neutral odor
• Coconut Oil

  • High levels of saturated fat (discouraged)
• Coconut Oil

  • Uses
  • Baked goods, pastries and sautés
  • Enhances flavor
  • Hair grooming
  • Biodiesel