henry 8

• Henry VIII becomes king

  1509
• Wolsey becomes cardinal


  1515
• Wolsey becomes chancellor


  1514
• Wolsey becomes papel legate

  1518
• Wolsey is dismissed from his position as chancellor

  1529
• Wolsey dies on the way to his trial for treason

  1530
• Amicable Grant


  1525- a new direct tax which requires priests to pay 1/3 of their income and everybody else to pay 1/6 of their income
• why was the amicable grant introduced?

  Henry wanted to invade France and reclaim land lost in the 15th century. The money from the amicable grant would help fund this
• why was the amicable grant controversial?

  It had not been approved by parliament and was being collected by royal decree. People only had 10 weeks to pay
• Short term consequences of the amicable grant

  Many people refused to pay the tax. A rebellion broke out in Suffolk. The tax was abandoned. Henry postponed the invasion and made peace with the french king
• Long term consequences of the amicable grant

  Wolsey was humiliated and his reputation badly damaged. Wolsey was unable to raise any further taxes. Henry began to doubt Wolsey's judgement. Henry looked weak
• The Eltham Ordinances


  1526- cutting spending on meals/servants, laying off sick/unneeded servants, reducing the amount paid to people for expenses, reducing the size of the privy chamber
• Why weren't the Eltham Ordinances very successful?

  Wolsey lost interest once he had reduced the size of the privy council
• Enclosures


  Fences dividing land into fields that were often used to graze sheep, allowing landowners to make money through the wool trade. This reduced the land available to tenant farmers and the general poor
• Wolsey set up an inquiry into enclosures

  1517- resulted in court cases against landowners and made him very unpopular but did not limit the practise of enclosures
• Wolsey and the justice system

  Strengthened the star chamber, encouraged the poor to bring cases to court, supported the poor against the rich, oversaw cases himself, increased the poor's work rate
• Treaty of Bruges


  1521- Wolsey negotiated an alliance with Charles V against France. It was agreed that Henry would not send an army to France until 1922
• Treaty of More


  1525- Henry gave up his claim to the French throne in return for annual payment from France
• The Battle of Pavia

  1525- Charles defeated and captured Francis
• Campaigns in France and Scotland

  1512-13
• The Battle of Flodden

  1513- The Scots invaded the north of england but were defeated by the Earl of Surrey who gathered an army in Henry's absence. The Scottish king and many nobles were killed
• Treaty of London


  1518- 20 countries agreed not to attack each other and if they did so, the other countries in the treaty would come together and counterattack
• The Field of the Cloth of Gold

  1520- a conference outside Calais between Henry and Francis, so called because the French wove gold into their tents, armour and clothes. They spent a fortnight feasting and jousting.
• Treaty of Westminster


  1527- Francis and Henry signed agreeing to fight Charles if he did not behave peacefully
• Battle of Ladriano


  1529- Charles defeats Francis and establishes his control over Italy and, therefore, the Pope
• Henry's aims in foreign policy


  Increase English power, conquer France, increase wealth, defend throne
• War with France


  1522-25
• Henry's Leviticus argument for the annulment of his marriage to Catherine


  "If a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an impurity"
• Opponents of the reformation

  Elizabeth Barton, Cardinal Fisher, Thomas More all refused to take the oaths of succession and supremacy
• Act in restraint of appeals to Rome

  1533- Nobody could appeal to the pope against a decision made by the king
• Act of succession


  1534- Everybody had to declare support for Henry's marriage to Anne
• Act of supremacy


  1534- Stating that Henry was "supreme head of the church of England"
• Treason Act


  1534- List of crimes that counted as treason and were punishable by death. Saying/doing/thinking anything problematic
• Henry fell from his horse, potentially suffering brain damage

  1536
• Cromwell became Henry's chief minister

  1534
• Cromwell's financial reforms


  Established the court of augmentations to handle the money from the dissolution of the monasteries. Sold off monastery land to nobles. If a landowner died while their heir was underage, the crown looked after the estate until they came of age
• Cromwell's governmental reforms


  Forced the house of commons to vote for the first time. Cromwell interfered with elections. If members of the house of lords disagreed with royal policy they were informed they "need not attend". Cromwell wrote pamphlets outlining new laws
• The House of Commons voted for the first time


  1532
• Cromwell's judicial reforms


  Liberties were abolished. Right of sanctuary for serious crimes was abolished
• Liberties were abolished


  1536