Exam Review

• Geographers


  People who use geography as a way to learn about the world and look at the earth's surfaces and ask questions about why things are located in a particular area
• Geography


  • Looks at the relationship between people and their environment
  • 2 themes: Human and physical
• Geographers


  People who use geography to learn about the earth's movements
• Geographers


  • Ask questions about how people interact with the environment
  • How they use the resources that the earth offers
  • How their actions modify and change the environment
• Themes in geography


  • Location
  • Place
  • Human and Earth interaction
  • Movements
  • Regions
• Features on a map

  • Title
  • Legend
  • Scale
  • Direction
  • Border
  • Date of Publication
• Map for transportation purposes


  • A map drawn to scale using symbols and colours to indicate major roads
  • Often includes parks, hospitals, and tourist attractions
  • Can be both small scale (a country map) and large scale (a city map)
• Topographic map


  • A map that indicates scale, using symbols and colours for both natural and human features on the Earth's surface
  • Shows the Earth's surface in great detail (large scale)
  • Depicts the height of land features (topography)
  • Often shows roads, settlements, vegetation cover, power lines, etc.
• Thematic map


  • A map that reveals the geographic patterns of statistical data
  • Are designed to display distributions over the Earth's surface
  • Usually focuses on one theme or topic (e.g., population)
• Title


  Identifies the area shown, topic, focus, or purpose of the map
• Legend


  Explains the meaning of symbols and colours used on the map
• Scale


  Represents the relationship between distance on the map and distance in the real world
• Direction


  Often represented with an arrow
• Border


  Sets the map apart from other information
• Date of Publication


  Indicates how recent the map is
• Topographic map


  • Indicates scale
  • Uses symbols and colours for natural and human features on the Earth's surface
  • Shows the Earth's surface in great detail (large scale)
  • Depicts the height of land features (topography)
  • Often shows roads, settlements, vegetation cover, power lines, etc.
• Thematic map


  • Reveals the geographic patterns of statistical data
  • Designed to display distributions over the Earth's surface
  • Usually focuses on one theme or topic (e.g., population)
• Direct statement scale


  Uses words to describe the relationship between a distance on a map and a specific distance on the Earth's surface
• Linear scale


  A special ruler on the map that is divided into equal units of distance. Always include the units of measurement on the Earth's surface
• Representative fraction scale (RF)


  The fraction is a ratio where one unit on a map equals a specific number of the same unit on the Earth's surface (usually cm). Always done as a ratio or fraction of 1
• Latitude


  Lines that run east and west, and measures the distance, in degrees, north and south of the Equator
• Latitude


  • There are 90 degrees of latitude from the Equator to each of the poles
  • These lines run parallel
  • The equator is 0 degrees and divides the earth in half. Above is the northern hemisphere, and below is the southern hemisphere.
• Longitude


  Lines that run north and south, and measures the distance, in degrees, east and west of the Prime Meridian
• Longitude


  • The lines all meet at the Poles
  • There are 360 lines of latitude (all around the globe - 360 degrees)
  • The Prime Meridian is 0 degrees, and the International Date line is 180 degrees.
• There was no need for time zones, as travelling large distances was unheard of

  Prior to the 1800s
• With the invention of the railway, and later planes

  People began to travel far much quicker, and something needed to be done about timing
• Standard Time Zones


  Idea came from Canadian engineer Sir Sandford Fleming, and relied on Latitude and Longitude
• Time Zones


  • The Earth has 24 time zones, and each one is 1 hour apart (for the most part, with some exceptions)
  • Every place in that time zone has the same time
• Canada's 6 Time zones

  • Pacific
  • Mountain
  • Central
  • Eastern (This is us)
  • Atlantic
  • Newfoundland (½ hour)
• The Earth rotates once around every 24 hours (360 degrees / 24 hours)
• Standard Time was invented by a Canadian (Sir Sandford Fleming)


  1884
• Prime Meridian


  The Centre (7.5 degrees of longitude to each side)
• The Earth rotates from west to east
• Eastern hemisphere


  Is ahead of UT
• Western hemisphere


  Is behind UT
• The shape of time zones can be changed for political reasons or convenience
• Time zone examples


  • China has one time zone but covers 60 degrees of longitude
  • Canada has 6 time zones
• International Date Line


  The opposite side of the planet from the Prime Meridian
• If you cross over the International Date Line going west

  You ADD A DAY
• If you cross over the International Date Line going east

  You LOSE A DAY