History

• Methods to obtain the vote

  • Suffragists
  • Suffragettes
• Suffragists


  Peaceful methods to obtain the vote
• Suffragettes


  Direct action methods to obtain the vote
• Milicent Fawcett


  Leader of the Suffragists
• Methods used by Suffragists

  • Peaceful marches
  • Letters to parliament
  • Publications in favour of female suffrage
• Emmeline Pankhurst


  Leader of the Suffragettes
• Methods used by Suffragettes

  • Direct action
  • Breaking windows
  • Protests including chaining themselves to parliament buildings
  • Hunger strikes in prison
  • Slashing paintings and using letter bombs
• Reasons some men and women did not believe women should have the vote


  • Fear that the home will fall into disarray
  • Women were too emotional to be able to understand politics and therefore should not be involved
  • Women were prone to fits of hysteria meaning they were unstable enough to vote
  • Women's place was in the home and they should not hold power over men
  • Women did not have experience of work and therefore could not understand the wider world/ how voting would impact this
• Reasons why women received the vote

  • World War One- In the first world war when men went off to fight women had to take over the jobs previously did to keep the country going. Once the war was over the notion that women were not as capable as men was no longer valid. In recognition of their efforts women over the age of 30 who met the financial requirements were able to vote
  • Campaigns- The work of the Suffragettes and Suffragists placed pressure on the British government to give women the vote
• The Trench System was created to provide cover for soldiers who were under attack by the enemy
• Problems with the trenches

  • Vermin
  • Trench foot
  • Bombardment
  • Shell shock
  • Gas Attacks
  • Going over the top
• Vermin

  Rats and lice were very common in the trenches
• Trench foot


  The trenches often filled with water making it incredibly hard to walk through them as the mud piled high. Men could not get their feet completely dry, and this caused their feet to gradually rot over time. In worst cases this could lead to amputation.
• Bombardment


  Constant bombing from one trench to another, which could take places for days at a time and often led to shell shock
• Shell shock


  PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) caused by bombardment, leading to symptoms such as nightmares, tremors, hallucinations, fatigue, and impaired sight and hearing
• Gas Attacks


  The use of poisonous gases such as Mustard gas and Chlorine gas as weapons, which could cause short term blindness or be fatal

  • Mustard gas: internal and external blistering
  • Chlorine gas: drowning sensation and suffocation
• Going over the top

  The process of men climbing up over the top of their trench to go to no mans land, which was littered with land mines. Soldiers had to run across and avoid being shot or stepping on a mine in order to go an attack an enemy trench.
• Conditions and treatments on the Western Front

  • Trench Foot - Prevention through rubbing whale oil onto feet and keeping feet dry. Amputation if gangrene developed.
  • Trench Fever - Identified as caused by contact with lice, treated through delousing stations.
  • Gas Attacks - Initial use of urine soaked handkerchiefs, later replaced by gas masks.
  • Shrapnel wounds - Introduction of the Brodie helmet reduced head wounds by 80%.
• Difficulties in treating the injured

  • Uneven terrain and destroyed roads made it difficult to move through the area and often could only be done on foot.
  • Large numbers of injured soldiers had to be carried on foot by stretcher bearers, a dangerous job.
  • Horse drawn carriages were not able to cope with the large number of casualties and the terrain.
• Medical developments


  • X-Ray machines - Used to identify shell fragments and bullets in wounds.
  • Thomas Splint - Increased survival rates for leg fractures from 20% to 82%.
  • Blood transfusions - Used to stop soldiers going into shock after blood loss.
  • Plastic surgery - Developed by Harold Gillies for facial reconstruction.
  • Techniques to prevent infection - Wound excursion, Carrel-Dankin method, Amputation.
• Brain injury developments


  • Use of a magnet to remove metal fragments from the brain.
  • Use of local anaesthetic rather than general anaesthetic to prevent brain swelling in surgery.
• Following the First World War a time of prosperity for many flourished, known as the Roaring Twenties
• Characteristics of democracy vs dictatorship

  • Democracy - Multiple party system, free press, right to protest/criticize government, parties/leaders get into power via democratic means.
  • Dictatorship - One party/leader in control, use of fear/repression against opposition, controlled media, parties/leaders get into power using force.
• Case studies of dictatorships

  • USSR - Communist party was the only party, opponents exiled to Gulags or executed, show trials used to promote the trials of suspected opponents.
  • Italy - Mussolini became prime minister, opponents beaten up or killed, Catholicism made the official religion.
  • Germany - Nazis used propaganda and removal of opposition to gain power, all other political parties outlawed, press came under Nazi control.
• Causes of World War Two

  • The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and resulting high unemployment, which allowed the Nazis to gain power.
  • The Munich Agreement of 1938, which gave Hitler confidence that the Western allies would not fight.
  • The bombing of Pearl Harbour in 1941, which caused the US to enter the war.
• The British became trapped at Dunkirk as they attempted to escape the German invasion of France
• Conditions at Dunkirk

  • Soldiers lined up on the beaches awaiting rescue, became targets for German bombers.
  • As fresh water became scarce the British turned to drinking alcohol leading to unruly behaviour.
  • The British looted a number of shops and were given priority for boarding to leave Dunkirk which led to resentment.
• Operation Dynamo


  The operation to remove British soldiers from Dunkirk, which saw 338,000 men saved - more than the 45,000 they had predicted to save. Winston Churchill referred to the rescue as a miracle.