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• WAYS OF MEASURING CHANGE TO A PLACE

  • changes in amounts of employment in each sector ( primary secondary tertiary quaternary) can indicate position on Clarke fisher model
  • data on the numbers of part-time and temporary employees can also indicate wider changes in a places labour and employment market
  • increases in house prices may signify increased wealth/gentrification to an area
  • changing ethnic composition and age of residents in an area - younger and more ethnically diverse area means it has more economic security
• REGIONAL INFLUENCES

  • PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - being near freshwater resources such as the river mersey in Liverpool- allowed easy trade to Ireland and stretch of deepwater coastline to build docks
  • NATIONAL POLICIES - different migration policies have allowed different groups of people to bring their customs and cultures into an area. Northern powerhouse initiative - scheme designed to boost economic growth. Liverpools government is investing in the new railway network HS2 tp decentralise industry in south east and attract new businesses into the city
  • TRANSPORT CONNECTIONS - railway/airport
• GLOBAL INFLUENCES

  • TNC'S - global brands can dominate retail spaces. TNC's may set up part of their businesses in an area, creating jobs and adding to local economy. e.g princes group (produces tonnes food and bottled foodstuffs) have their headquarters in liverpool
  • TOURISM - place may try and attract international visitors by promoting its unique features. for example 300,000 annual tourists in Liverpool to visit the Beatles story exhibition - 60% comes from overseas
  • TRANSPORT - JOHN LENNON AIRPORT CONNECTS CITY TO 25 COUNTRIES
  • DEINDUSTRIALISATION - docks closed - global shift
• CHANGES OF A PLACE AND HOW IT AFFECTS PEOPLE

  • DEINDUSTRIALISATION - former employees likely to feel sense of nostalgia, and romanticise post-industrial landscape. younger people may view abandoned buildings as symbol of despair
  • IN-MIGRATION - people may learn more about different cultures and adopt more liberal viewpoints. others may oppose in-migration
  • DIVERSIFICATION OF RURAL AREAS - farmers diversifying into energy production + tourism. outsiders may perceive these places as multi-functional and attract tourism + higher wages. traditional farmers may lose businesses and economy weakens.
• SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES AND IDENTITY

  • merging of cultures due to migration can make place more outward looking
  • in liverpool, chinatown celebrates long history of Chinese immigration to the city through its architecture and restaurants
  • some individuals may feel a sense of cultural erosion - places with strong identity may be challenged through immigration and sense of identity weakens
  • 1981 - toxteth riots highlighted economic division between white Liverpudlians and first and second generation migrants to the city
• SUCCESSFUL PLACES

  • cumulative causation occurs when people come to a successful area to provide services for those already there . makes area more attractive for investors
• SINK ESTATES

  • targets for regeneration - these are housing estates that were originally set up by local authorities to house people with low incomes. they have become centres of social decline fuelled by lack of economic opportunities.
  • gates communities and commuter villages are low priorities for regeneration - gates communities are enclosed estates in inner-city areas. those who live in gated communities have higher incomes than people who live outside gated area
• REBRANDING

  • helps remove any negatives surrounded by a place
  • can involve re-imaging which enhances or changes the image of a place when marketing it, and negative aspects of place are ignored
  • rebranding uses variety of media, especially the internet such as social media, slogans to promote destination