Flagellates

• Subphylum Mastigophora


  also known as flagellates
• binary fission


  flagellates reproduce through ...
• Flagellates


  possess a whiplike locomotor apparatus known as flagella
• Special organs of Flagellates

  • sucking disk
  • axostyle
  • undulating membrane
• Cytostome


  it is the rudimentary mouth
• Giardia lambia


  • a flagellate with tear drop shape / pear shaped troph
• Motility of Giardia lamblia

  • falling leaf-like motility
• Other names for Giardia lamblia

  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Giardia intestinalis
  • Lamblia duodenalis
  • Lamblia intestinalis
• Giardia lamblia


  only known pathogenic intestinal flagellates that inhabit small intestines
• Purpose of sucking disk?

  it's for attachment
• Number of flagella of Giardia lamblia

  4 pairs or 8 flagella
• Giardia lamblia


  2 nuclei with large karyosome known as old man with eyeglasses
• Sucking disk


  • serves as nourishment point of energy
  • holdfast organ
• VSSP (variant specific surface protein)


  surface protein for the survival in small intestine
• Giardia lamblia

  • if immature cyst : 2 nuclei
  • if mature cyst : 4 nuclei
• Cyst


  this is the infective stage of G.lamblia. transmitted thru fecal-oral route
• Disease caused by Giardia lamblia

  • giardiasis
  • traveler's diarrhea / hiker's / backpacker's diarrhea
  • gay bowel syndrome
• Flatulence with hydrogen sulfide odor or rotten eggs
• Diagnosis for G. lamblia


  • DFS
  • Entero test / entero -string test
• treatment for Giardia lamblia

  Metronidazole

  Furazolidone (children below 5 yrs. old)
• Chilomastix mesnili


  • hour glass shaped troph
  • lemon shaped cyst ( nipple shaped cyst )
  • cork screw motility
  • shepherds crook appearance
• motility of Chilomastix mesnili

  • cork screw motility
  • stiff rotary fashion
• Cyst shape of Chilomastix mesnili

  • lemon shaped (knob like protuberance - hyaline knob)
  • nipple shape
• Habitat of Chilomastix mesnili

  large intestine
• 3 species of Trichomonas

  • T. vaginalis
  • T. tenax
  • T. hominis
• False

  Trichomonas have cyst stage. True or False
• True


  Trichomonas have troph stage only. True or False
• Trichomonas vaginalis


  only pathogenic trichomonas
• Motility of Trichomonas vaginalis

  • fast, jerky
  • tumbling movement
• Diagnosis for T. vaginalis

  • saline wet mount
• Stains used in T. vaginalis

  • giemsa
  • paps
  • romanowsky
  • Achdine orange
• Medium used in T. vaginalis

  • diamonds modified medium
  • feinberg
  • whittington culture media
• Treatment for T. vaginalis (to avoid pingpong infection)

  • metronidazole
• Trichomonas vaginalis


  • 4 sub-equal anterior flagella
  • Undulating membrane with a marginal flagellum
• Trichomonas tenax


  • 4 flagella
  • Undulating membrane does not reach the posterior end of body
• Trichomonas tenax


  • flagellates inhabits the oral cavity
  • thru droplet transmission
  • kissing
  • contaminated dishes and utensils
• Diagnosis for T. tenax


  • swabbing tartar between gingival margin of the gums or tonsillar crypts
• Trichomonas hominis


  • inhabit the caecum
  • 5 anterior flagella
  • posterior flagellum projecting from an undulating membrane (7 to 13 microns)
• Atrial flagellates


  The following are known as...

  • G. lamblia
  • C. mesnili
  • T. vaginalis
  • T. tenax
  • T. hominis
• Give the pathogenic Atrial flagellates

  • Giardia lamblia
  • Trichomonas vaginalis