DDOL

• Willmott and Young:

  • Found that division of labour was slowly changing and becoming more equal.
  • Stratified diffusion= The spread of beliefs and practices from one social class to another, symmetrical families becoming the norm.
  • Symmetrical families= Joint conjugal roles, in which husbands participate in domestic labour as well as being breadwinners.
• Parsons (Key concepts):

  • Instrumental role= The husband's role in the relationship, geared towards work and money.
  • Expressive role= The wife's role in the relationship, geared towards housework and family.
  • Due to biological differences in gender.
• Gershuny (Key concepts):

  • Duel burden: Paid work and housework. He believes it doesn't exist.
  • Women who work full time cause a more equal division of labour.
  • Working women are less likely to do more housework than their husband.
• Bott (Key concepts):

  • Segregated conjugal roles means they have separate roles in the family and are more likely to spend leisure time differently.
  • Joint conjugal roles means they share tasks and share their leisure time together.
  • The roles depend on how they spend their leisure time.
• Oakley (Key concepts):

  • Believed Willmott and Young asked the wrong question.
  • Found only 15% of husband's help with housework and 20% help is she included childcare in the housework.
  • The is dues to childcare being more rewarding.
• Edgell and Pahl (Key concepts):

  • Men control the money and make the most decisions.
  • 45% of couples have joint roles in childcare.
• Burghes and Beck (Key concepts):

  • Looked at the changing roles of fathers and found they are doing more childcare.
  • Suggested that housework is more divided by the couple.
• Sharpe (Key concepts):

  • Girls attitude had begun to change and many wanted jobs as opposed to marriage.
  • Girls still go for lower paying jobs.
• Parsons (Evaluation):

  • Study was made is 1955, it's outdated.
  • Feminists would believe they should both do housework and have a job.
  • Since this study more woman have begun to work.
• Gershuny (Evaluation):

  • In middle class families it may not be a man doing the work but a cleaner.
  • Feminists would say women still have a dual burden.
  • Men still believe they shouldn't have to do housework.
  • It takes into consideration that women work.
• Bott (Evaluation):

  • Outdated, women are more likely to work now meaning men may share more housework.
  • There is more things for couples to do together.
  • Doesn't consider same sex couples.
  • Too positive, the man may not do more.
• Oakley (Evaluation):

  • Feminists would agree that it's still women doing the most housework.
  • Outdated, men have begun to do more housework.
  • Bias- Oakley is a feminist.
  • Too critical.
• Edgell and Pahl (Evaluation):

  • Outdated- It may become a more equal division as time goes on.
  • Bias- Men may not always make the decisions.
  • Feminists support the idea that mean want to be in charge, however they don't like the fact.
• Burghes and Beck (Evaluation):

  • Childcare is more rewarding so doesn't help when looking at actual housework.
  • Most up to date study.
  • Feminists wouldn't agree that men are doing more.
  • Men still don't do all of the childcare.
• Sharpe (Evaluation):

  • She verified her research.
  • Role of women has begun to change, they are working more.
  • There is still a pay gap.
• Triple shift: Paid work, housework and emotional work.
• Recent developments:

  • Commercialisation of housework- Vacum, washing machine, ready meals.
  • Triple shift.
  • Same sex couples- no gender script.
• Domestic violence: Any incident of controlling or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over who have been partners of family members.
• Domestic violence (Trends):

  • British crime survey- 2 million people suffer.
  • Coleman et al- Women are more likely to suffer.
• Why is domestic violence hard to measure?

  Victims may be unwilling to report it, police may be reluctant to investigate those cases as family life is 'private'. People may also beileve the woman can just leave.
• Dobash and Dobash (Domestic violence):

  • Violent incidents could be set off by what a husband sees as a challenge to his authority, such as a wife asking why he was late home.
  • Marriage legitimates violence.
• Radical feminist explanation (Domestic violence):

  • Emphasises patriarchal ideas.
  • See men as enemy as they opress women.
  • Marriage is seen as the main source of oppression.
  • DV is an inevitable feature of the patriarchy.
  • Male domination of state institutions helps to explain police reluctance.
• Groups at risk of DV:

  • Women- less dominant, patriarchy.
  • Working class- More fights about money.