artgthropoda+echinodermata

• Cephalothorax


  Part of the body structure of arachnids, consisting of the head and thorax
• Abdomen


  Part of the body structure of arachnids, usually with no segments or appendages
• Cephalothorax

  Part of the body structure of arachnids, including chelicerae, pedipalps, and legs
• Arachnid digestive system

  • Sclerotised pharynx which acts like a pump, extracellular digestion, sucking food to esophagus
  • Venom glands
  • Carnivorous
• Arachnid respiratory system

  • Book lungs and tracheae
• Arachnid circulatory system

  • Haemolymph with haemocyanin
• Arachnid excretory system

  • Modified metaneehtidia
• Arachnid nervous system

  • Fused ganglion brain-like resemblance
• Arachnid sensory system

  • Mechanoreceptors, eyes, can sense vibrations
• Reproduction in arachnids

  Internal fertilisation, eggs in cocoons
• Crustacean body structure

  Cephalothorax + abdomen + appendages
• Crustacean appendages

  • Head appendages (antennules, antennae)
  • Thoracic appendages (legs + maxillipeds)
  • Abdominal appendages (pleopods)
• Crustacean body covering

  • Carapace (2 types), chromatophores (pigments, changing colour) under the carapace
• Crustacean digestive system

  • Hepatopanereas, gastric mill system (a gizzard in crustaceans)
• Crustacean respiratory system

  • Gills or skin
• Crustacean circulatory system

  • Haemolymph with or without pigments (haemoglobin, haemocyanin)
• Crustacean excretory system

  • Antennal glands or maxillary glands
• Crustacean sensory system

  • Nauplius eye, compound eyes, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, open statocysts, statoliths
• Crustacean reproduction

  Sexual or parthenogenesis, direct or indirect development
• Insect body structure

  Chitinous exoskeleton, head thorax abdomen, three pairs of jointed legs
• Parts of the insect body

  • Head (mouth parts, antennae, mandibles, maxillae)
  • Thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax)
  • Abdomen (segmented, no appendages in adults)
  • Appendages
  • Wings
• Insect body covering

  • Cuticle + lipoprotein layer, pigments
• Insect digestive system

  • Tubular
• Insect respiratory system

  • Tracheae or tracheal gills
• Insect excretory system

  • Malpighian tubules
• Insect nervous system

  • Simple CNS with a dorsal brain, ventral nerve cord
• Insect sensory system

  • Extremely developed antennae, may see UV, sense pheromones, detect infrared emissions, hear, chemical communication
• Insect reproduction

  Oviparous, polymorphism, paedomorphosis, parthenogenesis, hermaphroditism
• Insect development

  Incomplete or complete metamorphosis
• Insect circulatory system

  • Haemolymph +/- pigments (haemoglobin, thaemocyanın)
• Importance of insects

  • Honey
  • Royal jelly, alternative medicine
  • Scavengers
  • Biological warfare
  • Silkworm
• Insect subclasses

  • Apterygota (no wings)
  • Pterygota (wing insects)
• Echinoderm body structure

  Central disc + feet
• Echinoderm body covering

  • Epidermis
• Echinoderm body support

  • Calcareous
• Echinoderm muscular system

  • Ambulacral (water vascular) system
• Echinoderm digestive system

  • Tubular
• Echinoderm nervous system

  • Primitive
• Echinoderm sensory system

  • Primitive, chemoreceptors
• Echinoderm defence mechanisms

  • Cuvierian tubules, spines, toxins