biology

• Mutation


  Changes in DNA
• Mutations


  • Can affect a single gene, multiple genes, or entire chromosomes
  • May occur spontaneously or as a result of mutagens
  • Most are detected and repaired by enzymes
• Types of mutations


  • Point mutations
  • Chromosomal mutations
• Point mutations


  1. Substitution mutations

  2. Frameshift mutations
• Substitution mutations


  One nucleotide is replaced by another type of nucleotide
• Frameshift mutations


  Involve one or two nucleotides being either added or removed from a nucleotide sequence, altering every codon in that sequence from that point onwards
• Chromosomal mutations


  • Affect large sections of a chromosome, typically multiple genes
  • Typically occur during meiosis
  • Can be caused by radiation
  • There are 5 main forms: duplication, inversion, deletion, insertion, translocation
• Chromosomal abnormalities


  • Involve an abnormal number of chromosomes
  • Can be detected with a karyotype
  • Two main forms: aneuploidy and polyploidy
• Mutation


  Changes in DNA
• Mutations


  • Can affect a single gene, multiple genes, or entire chromosomes
  • May occur spontaneously or as a result of mutagens
  • Most are detected and repaired by enzymes
• Types of mutations


  • Point mutations
  • Chromosomal mutations
• Point mutations


  1. Substitution mutations

  2. Frameshift mutations
• Mutation


  Changes in DNA
• Mutations


  • Can affect a single gene, multiple genes, or entire chromosomes
  • May occur spontaneously or as a result of mutagens
  • Most are detected and repaired by enzymes
• Types of mutations


  • Point mutations
  • Chromosomal mutations