Classification and evolution

Created by

Sophie Barker

Cards (43)

Phylogenetic classification = arrange species into groups based on their evolutionary relationships and origins
Name 2 advantages of phylogenetic classification ?
avoids animals not fitting into groups
uses methods other than physical appearance
What are the benefits to binomial naming system ?
overcome language barrier
gives indication on how closely species are related
How should you writer an organisms binomial name ?
In italics or underlined
genus = capital letter
species = lowercase
Name the 5 kingdoms ?
Animalia
Prokaryote
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Why are there changes to the classification system ?
improvements in technology
5 points needed to identify an animalia ?
multicellular
nucleus +membrane bound organelles
no chloroplasts
movement using cilia/flagella/muscles
heterotrophic
Heterotrophic = organisms that obtain energy from other organism as they cannot make their own food
5 points needed to classify a plantae ?
multicellular
nucleus +membrane bound organelles
chloroplasts +cellulose cell wall
do not move
autotrophic
Autotrophic = organism that can produce their own food by using inorganic molecules
5 characteristics of a prokaryote ?
unicellular
no membrane bound organelles + no. nucleus
small ribosomes
DNA in a ring
Obtain nutrients by absorbing them across its surface
5 characteristics og fungi ?
uni/multi cellular
nucleus +membrane bound organelles
no chloroplasts
cell wall made from chitin
saprotrophic
saprotrophic = absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter
5 characteristics to identify a protocista ?
unicellular
nucleus +membrane bound organelles
may have chloroplasts/flagella/cilia
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
What 3 things did Carl Woese use to determine the 3 domains ?
ribosome type
type or rRNA
cell membrane structure
what 3 domains did woese propose ?
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryote
How would the 3 domain system changed the 5 kingdoms ?
5 kingdoms would become 6
Prokaryote = archaebacteria and eubacteria
Archaea = bacteria that can live in extreme environments
DNA base sequencing = comparing the base sequence for common genes of organisms. The higher degree of similarity the more closely related they are.
Why is amino acid sequencing not as accurate ?
Due to degenerate codes
What were Darwins 4 observations ?
Populations remain stable overtime
living things have the ability to overproduce
offspring are similar to their parents
no two individuals are identical
What evidence led Darwin to his conclusions ?
Finches on different islands had different sized beaks due to food availability
what evidence is there to accept Darwins theory ?
Fossil records
DNA/amino acid sequencing
Comparative anatomy
What are the limitations to fossil evidence ?
not every fossil is discovered
only organisms with hard shells/bones fossilise
anatomical adaptations = internal or external physical features
behavioural adaptations = changes in the way an organism acts
Physiological adaptation = process that takes place within an organism
Give an example of physiological adaptation ?
snake venum
Give an example of behavioural adaptation ?
hunting
give an example of anatomical adaptation ?
polar bears thick coat
Covergent evolution = when animals look/act the same but are not closely related
how does convergent evolution occur ?
when organisms are exposed to similar population pressures
interspecific variation = variation between members of different species
intraspecific variation = variation within the same species
continuous variation = traits that are controlled by many genes and environmental influences
Give an example of continuous variation ?
Petal length
How could continuous variation be represented ?
Histogram
Discrete variation = traits that are controlled by a single gene
Give an example of discrete variation ?
blood type
How could you represent discrete variation ?
Bar chart