Bio

• Levels of biological organization

  • Biosphere
  • Ecosystem
  • Community
  • Population
  • Organism
  • Organ System
  • Organ
  • Tissue
  • Cells
  • Organelle
  • Macromolecule
  • Molecule
  • Atom
• Biosphere


  The portion of the Earth and atmosphere where life exists
• Ecosystem


  The living things in an area, along with their environment
• Community


  All of the populations that live in a defined area
• Population


  A group of individuals in the same species within a defined area
• Organism


  A living thing (may be unicellular- see cell)
• Organ System


  A group of organs that work together to perform a function
• Similarities and differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

  • Usually multicellular/Usually unicellular
  • Present/Absent
  • Animals and Plants/Bacteria and Archaea
  • Present/Absent
  • More than one/One-not a true chromosome: Plasmids
  • Present/Absent or rare
  • Present/Absent
  • Present/Absent
  • Larger/Smaller
  • Present/Usually no
  • Present/Present
• What are the types of junctional complexes found in the cell membrane?

  • Tight junctions
  • Intermediate junctions
  • Gap junctions
  • Desmosomes
• What is the glycocalyx in relation to the cell membrane?

  It is a side chain of glycoprotein for molecular recognition.
• What is the nucleus also referred to as?

  Karyon
• Where is the nucleus generally located in the cell?

  It is generally found at the center of the cell.
• What is the function of the nucleus in the cell?

  It is considered the cell's control center for all metabolic activities.
• What stabilizes the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

  Nucleoskeleton
• What are the main parts of the nucleus?

  1. Nuclear membrane (Nucleolemma/Karyolemma)
  2. Nucleolus (Karyosome)
  3. Chromatin
  4. Nuclear cytoplasm (Nucleoplasm/Karyoplasm)
• What is the role of the nuclear membrane?


  It regulates the exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
• What is the nucleolus rich in?

  RNA
• What is the function of the nucleolus?

  It is the site for the synthesis of tRNA and rRNA.
• What is chromatin composed of?

  It is rich in DNA.
• What happens to chromatin during prophase of cell division?

  It becomes condensed.
• What is the nuclear cytoplasm also known as?

  Nucleoplasm or Karyoplasm
• What is the cytoplasm in relation to the cell structure?

  It is the part of the cell between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
• What is the liquid matrix in the cytoplasm called?

  Hyaloplasm
• What are the two types of cytoplasmic organelles?

  1. Membrane-bounded organelles (MBO's)
  2. Non-membrane bounded organelles (NMBO's)
• What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

  It is a complex system for the transport of materials within the cell.
• What distinguishes rough ER from smooth ER?

  Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its outer wall, while smooth ER does not.
• What is the primary function of rough ER?

  It is the site of protein synthesis and transports proteins and lipids within the cell.
• What is the primary function of smooth ER?

  It is a site of important lipid synthesis.